Harpoon

Japanese: 銛 - もり
Harpoon

A fishing gear used to catch fish and shellfish by spearing or stabbing them. It is usually made of a hard wooden handle such as oak with an iron prong attached to the end, and the tip of the prong has a barb to prevent it from coming loose. There are some where the handle and prong are integrated, and others where they are easily detached; the former are used when the target is moving slowly or can be easily approached. The latter are used when the target is moving actively and cannot be easily approached; when the target hits the fish, the handle detaches from the prong, and the fisherman reels in the rope connected to the prong and catches the fish.

This type of fishing can be done by throwing the harpoon directly by hand or by using a gunpowder whaling gun aimed at whales. A typical example of fishing that throws a harpoon by hand is harpoon fishing, which searches for large fish such as tuna, marlin, and sharks, and when one is found, a boat is brought close and the harpoon is thrown. When the fish is hit, it will sprint away, so the rope is stretched out and the fish is taken on board after it has become tired and weakened. Recently, a method has been adopted in which electricity is passed through the rope to instantly weaken it.

[Kiyoshi Yoshiwara]

History

world

Harpoons are fishing spearing tools that date back to the Late Paleolithic period. There are two types: hand-held harpoons and detachable harpoons, with the latter including a type with a detachable lure at the end of the handle. This is related to the target of the catch, with hand-held harpoons being used primarily for slow-moving prey. Conversely, detachable harpoons are used for agile animals or targets that are difficult to approach. In northwestern North America, they are used to kill sea otters, seals, and dolphins, in South America for sea turtles, and in Africa for hippopotamuses. The indigenous Nutka people who live in northwestern North America have a technique for whaling, tying a sealskin swim bladder to a string extending from the harpoon to prevent the prey from diving and weaken it when it is hit. The Eskimo and Inuit also use harpoons with a string attached to them so that they can be pulled into cracks in the ice when seals come up to breathe, but their harpoons are technologically superior to those of the Native Americans of the northwestern coast of North America in that they have a barb mechanism that keeps the tip of the harpoon firmly in place in the wound the more the string is pulled.

[Yuji Seki]

Japan

A fishing tool with a long handle attached to the end of a stabbing device used to catch fish or marine animals is called a harpoon or yasu. A harpoon is thrown directly at the prey, while a yasu is held in the hand and stabbed. It is just like the difference between a throwing javelin and a hand-held spear. However, in the case of archaeological remains where only the stabbing device at the end has been discovered, it is difficult to make a strict distinction. A stabbing device with a protrusion or hole for tying a string can be considered a detached head harpoon. It developed from the middle Jomon period onwards. All are made of deer antler. The swallow-shaped harpoon head or rotating detached head harpoon is so named because its tail is long and curved, resembling a swallow's tail. It developed especially along the Sanriku coast of the Tohoku region. Similar items were seen on the Miura Peninsula during the Yayoi period. Some of these harpoon heads had stone arrowheads or fang arrowheads attached to the tip with asphalt for stabbing effect. They were probably used to catch large fish and marine animals. In Hokkaido, they continued to exist even after the Jomon period. Ainu fishing tools called kite are made of iron, but they are a modified and developed version of the iron. It is thought that harpoons were already widespread in the early Jomon period. There are various shapes of harpoon heads, such as those with many hooks, those with only one or two, or none at all. In general, impressive stabbing tools with many hooks appeared from the early period onwards, and were particularly popular in the late Jomon period. Most were made from deer antlers or leg bones, but there are also known examples of them using the tailbone of a ray. Iron harpoon tips appeared during the Yayoi period, and thereafter, iron harpoon tips became more and more popular.

[Isamu Okamoto]

Main types of harpoons
©Katsuya Nishikawa ">

Main types of harpoons

Whaling gun
©Katsuya Nishikawa ">

Whaling gun

Jomon period swallow-shaped harpoon head
Late Jomon period, length 8.9cm, owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art ">

Jomon period swallow-shaped harpoon head


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

魚貝類を突きまたは刺してとる漁具。通常はカシなどの堅い木の柄(え)の先に鉄製の突具(つきぐ)をつけたもので、突具の先端には抜けにくくするためカエシをつけてある。柄と突具とが一体となっているものと、離脱が容易になっているものとがあり、前者は目的物の動きが緩慢、または容易に近づくことができる場合に使用する。後者は目的物の動きが活発で、容易に近づくことができない場合に使用され、命中すると柄が突具から離れ、突具に連結しているロープを漁夫が手繰り寄せて漁獲する。

 この類は銛を直接手で投げる場合と、クジラを対象とした火薬による捕鯨砲などがある。銛を手投げする漁業としては突ん棒漁業が代表的であり、これはマグロ・カジキ類、サメ類などの大形魚を目的として探索し、発見すると船を近づけて銛を投げる。命中すると魚は疾走するのでロープを延ばし、疲労して弱ってから船内に取り込む。最近、ロープに電気を流して瞬時に弱らせる方法も行われている。

[吉原喜好]

沿革

世界

銛は後期旧石器時代にさかのぼる漁労用の刺突具(しとつぐ)で、手持ちの銛と手元を離れる銛の2種があり、とくに後者には、柄の先の突具(つきぐ)が離脱するタイプが含まれる。これは捕獲の対象とも関連し、手持ち用は、主として動きが緩慢な獲物に使用される。逆に手元を離れる銛は、敏捷(びんしょう)な動きを示す動物や容易に近づきがたい対象に用いられる。北アメリカ北西部では、ラッコ、アザラシ、イルカなどを、南アメリカではウミガメを、アフリカではカバをこれでしとめる。なかでも北アメリカ北西部に住む先住民ヌトカは、クジラとりの際、アザラシ皮の浮き袋を銛から伸びる紐(ひも)に結び付け、命中した獲物が潜ることを防ぎ、かつ弱らせる技術をもつ。エスキモーおよびイヌイットの間でも、呼吸をしに浮き上がったアザラシを氷の割れ目からねらうときには、手繰り寄せるための紐をあらかじめ銛につけておく。しかし、エスキモーおよびイヌイットの銛は、紐を引けば引くほど、銛先が傷口にしっかりとはまり込む留め木の仕組みをもつ点で、北アメリカ北西海岸のネイティブ・アメリカンのものより技術的に勝っている。

[関 雄二]

日本

長い柄の先端に刺突具をつけて魚や海獣をとる漁具を銛あるいは簎(やす)とよんでいる。銛は直接獲物に投げ付けるが、簎は柄を手に持って突くという相違がある。ちょうど、投げ槍(やり)と手持ちの槍の違いに等しい。しかし、先端の刺突具のみが発見されるにすぎない考古学上の遺物の場合には、厳密な区別はむずかしい。紐を結ぶための突起や孔(あな)をもった刺突具は、離頭(りとう)銛とみてよい。縄文時代の中期以降に発達する。すべて鹿角(ろっかく)製である。燕形銛頭(つばめがたもりがしら)または回転離頭銛とよばれるものは、尾部が長く反り、ツバメの尾のようにみえることから、その名がある。とくに東北地方の三陸沿岸に発達した。弥生(やよい)時代には、似たものが三浦半島でもみられた。この銛頭には、先端に石鏃(せきぞく)や牙鏃(がぞく)をアスファルトで着装して刺突の効果をねらったものがある。大形の魚や海獣の捕獲に用いられたとみてよい。北海道では、縄文時代以降にも存続した。アイヌのきてとよばれる漁具は、材質が鉄ではあるが、それの変化発展したものである。簎は、縄文時代の早期にすでに普及を遂げていたと考えられる。簎頭(やすがしら)には、鉤(かぎ)の多数ついたもの、一つあるいは二つ程度のもの、あるいはまったくないものなど、さまざまな形がある。一般に鉤の多い、りっぱな刺突具が現れるのは前期以降であり、とくに後晩期に盛行する。大部分はシカの角(つの)や肢骨(しこつ)でつくられたが、なかにはエイの尾骨を利用した例も知られている。弥生時代に鉄製の銛先が出現し、以降、鉄製のものが比重を高める。

[岡本 勇]

銛のおもな種類
©西川勝也">

銛のおもな種類

捕鯨砲
©西川勝也">

捕鯨砲

縄文時代の燕形銛頭
縄文時代晩期 長さ8.9cmメトロポリタン美術館所蔵">

縄文時代の燕形銛頭


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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