Morse theory

Japanese: モース理論 - モースりろん(英語表記)Morse theory
Morse theory
When a differentiable function f is given on a differentiable manifold X , with the exception of a very small number of functions, the topological geometric structure of X and the extreme value states of f are closely related. In a nutshell, this is expressed by Morse theory, proposed by H.M. Morse. For example, let X be a plane map and f be the height of a mountain on it. Normally, in this case, the contour line f -1 ( a ) at elevation a and the contour line f -1 ( b ) at elevation b will have the same topological shape if there are no extreme values ​​of f between a and b , i.e., mountain peaks, valleys, or saddle points. Conversely, if extreme values ​​appear and the shape collapses, it can be seen that the manner in which it collapses is governed by the state of the extreme value (whether it is a mountain, valley, or saddle).

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:
微分可能多様体Xの上に微分可能な関数fが与えられるとき,ごく少数の関数を例外として,Xの位相幾何学的構造と,fの極値の状態とは密接に関係しあっている。ひと口にいえばこれを表現するのがモースの理論であり,H.M.モースによる。例えば,Xを平面地図,fをその上の山の高さとする。ふつうにはこのとき,標高aの等高線f-1(a)と標高bのそれf-1(b)とは,abとの間にfの極値,すなわち山頂,谷,鞍点がまったく現れなければ,位相的には同じ形をしており,また逆に,極値が現れて,形が崩れる場合は,崩れ方が極値の状態(それが山であったか谷か鞍か)によって支配されていることもわかる。

出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報

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