When a differentiable function f is given on a differentiable manifold X , with the exception of a very small number of functions, the topological geometric structure of X and the extreme value states of f are closely related. In a nutshell, this is expressed by Morse theory, proposed by H.M. Morse. For example, let X be a plane map and f be the height of a mountain on it. Normally, in this case, the contour line f -1 ( a ) at elevation a and the contour line f -1 ( b ) at elevation b will have the same topological shape if there are no extreme values of f between a and b , i.e., mountain peaks, valleys, or saddle points. Conversely, if extreme values appear and the shape collapses, it can be seen that the manner in which it collapses is governed by the state of the extreme value (whether it is a mountain, valley, or saddle). Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information |
微分可能多様体Xの上に微分可能な関数fが与えられるとき,ごく少数の関数を例外として,Xの位相幾何学的構造と,fの極値の状態とは密接に関係しあっている。ひと口にいえばこれを表現するのがモースの理論であり,H.M.モースによる。例えば,Xを平面地図,fをその上の山の高さとする。ふつうにはこのとき,標高aの等高線f-1(a)と標高bのそれf-1(b)とは,aとbとの間にfの極値,すなわち山頂,谷,鞍点がまったく現れなければ,位相的には同じ形をしており,また逆に,極値が現れて,形が崩れる場合は,崩れ方が極値の状態(それが山であったか谷か鞍か)によって支配されていることもわかる。
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