Elton, Charles (Sutherland)

Japanese: エルトン(英語表記)Elton, Charles (Sutherland)
Elton, Charles (Sutherland)
Born: March 29, 1900, Liverpool
[Died] May 1, 1991. Oxford English zoologist. Founder of animal ecology. Studied zoology at Oxford University. Strongly influenced by V. Shelford's theory of population fluctuations, he began to put it into practice when he joined the Spitsbergen Expedition in 1921 as an assistant to J. Huxley, and later conducted polar research in 1923, 1924, and 1930. He obtained statistics on population fluctuations of foxes in Canada from the Hudson's Bay Fur Company, where he worked as a result of the polar expedition. He analyzed these statistics and found that the cause was population fluctuations of mice, which are their prey (1924), and showed that populations are regulated through the food chain. In his 1927 book Animal Ecology, he not only presented an excellent method for analyzing animal societies, but also established basic concepts for the subsequent development of animal ecology, such as food chains and population pyramids. In Animal Ecology and Evolution (1930), he emphasized the inherent mobility of animals and expressed a unique view of evolution, arguing that animals are not subject to natural selection by their environment, but rather that the environment is selected by animals. In 1932, he established the Institute of Animal Populations at Oxford University, which became a world center for research on population dynamics. In the same year, he became editor-in-chief of the Journal of Animal Ecology. During World War II, he also conducted research on rat control measures to prevent the plague. He has been a member of the Royal Society since 1953.

Elton
Elton, Oliver

Born June 3, 1861, Holt, Norfolk
[Died] June 4, 1945. British literary historian at Oxford. Professor of English Literature at the University of Liverpool (1901-25). He translated Scandinavian literature and wrote The English Muse (33), among others, but his main work was A Survey of English Literature (3 parts, 12-28).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1900.3.29. リバプール
[没]1991.5.1. オックスフォード
イギリスの動物学者。動物生態学の確立者。オックスフォード大学で動物学を修める。 V.シェルフォードによる個体数変動の理論から強い影響を受け,1921年に J.ハクスリーの助手としてスピッツベルゲン探検隊に参加した際に,その実践を開始し,のち,1923,1924,1930年に極地で調査を行なう。極地探検が機縁となって勤めることになったハドソン湾毛皮会社から,カナダでのキツネの個体数変動に関する統計を入手し,これを分析して,餌であるネズミの個体数変動がその原因であることをつきとめ (1924) ,食物連鎖を通じて個体数の調節が行なわれることを示した。 1927年に著した『動物生態学』 Animal Ecologyでは,動物社会を分析するすぐれた手法を提示したばかりでなく,食物連鎖,個体数ピラミッドなど,その後の動物生態学の発展にとって基本となる諸概念を確立した。また『動物生態学と進化』 Animal Ecology and Evolution (1930) で,動物に備わった移動性を強調し,環境によって動物が自然選択を受けるのではなく,環境が動物による選択を受けるのだ,と唱えて独特の進化観を表明している。 1932年,オックスフォード大学に動物個体群研究所を設立。個体群変動に関する研究の世界的中心地となった。同年より『動物生態学雑誌』 Journal of Animal Ecologyの編集長。第2次世界大戦中は,ペスト防疫のためのネズミ対策についても研究を行なっている。 1953年よりロイヤル・ソサエティ会員。

エルトン
Elton, Oliver

[生]1861.6.3. ノーフォーク,ホルト
[没]1945.6.4. オックスフォード
イギリスの文学史家。リバプール大学英文学教授 (1901~25) 。北欧文学の翻訳や『イギリスの詩神』 The English Muse (33) などの著書もあるが,主著は『イギリス文学概観』A Survey of English Literature (3部,12~28) 。

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