Grand Duchy of Moscow (Moskovskoe Velikoe Knyazhestvo)

Japanese: モスクワ大公国 - モスクワたいこうこく(英語表記)Moskovskoe Velikoe Knyazhestvo
Grand Duchy of Moscow (Moskovskoe Velikoe Knyazhestvo)
A medieval Russian state with Moscow as its capital. It began to gain independence in the early 13th century with the breakup of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, but it was only after Alexander Nevsky's son Daniel acquired it (around 1276) that it began to move forward on its own. In the early 14th century, it rapidly expanded to include Kolomna, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Mozhaisk, and other areas. Daniel's son Yuri became Grand Prince of Vladimir as early as 1318. In particular, Ivan I (Kalita), with the help of the Golden Horde, overwhelmed his arch-rival Tber, making Moscow the most powerful state in northeastern Russia. In the late 14th century, Prince Dmitry Donskoy rebelled against the rule of the Golden Horde (→Battle of Kulikovo), temporarily granting Russia independence. The 15th century saw the country plagued by civil wars, but under Ivan III (the Great) final independence from the Golden Horde was achieved, the Grand Duchy was strengthened, and most of Eastern Russia came under Moscow rule. The development of the Grand Duchy was continued by the Moscow Empire, which was established in the mid-16th century under Ivan IV (the Terrible).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
モスクワを都とする中世ロシア国家。 13世紀初頭ウラジーミル=スズダリ公国の分裂とともに自立しはじめたが,完全に独自の歩みを進めるようになったのは,アレクサンドル・ネフスキーの子ダニールがここを領有 (1276頃) して以来のことである。 14世紀初頭にはコロムナ,ペレヤスラブリ・ザレスキー,モジャイスクなどを合せて急速に拡大。ダニールの子ユーリーは 1318年早くもウラジーミル大公位を獲得。特にイワン1世 (カリタ)はキプチャク・ハン国の助力を得て,宿敵トベーリを圧倒し,モスクワを北東ロシア最強の国とした。 14世紀後半ドミトリー・ドンスコイ公はキプチャク・ハン国の支配に反旗を翻し (→クリコボの戦い ) ,一時ロシアを独立させた。 15世紀に入ると内乱に悩まされたが,イワン3世 (大帝)の治世には,キプチャク・ハン国からの最終的独立が達成され,大公権が強化され,東ロシアのほとんどがモスクワの支配に服した。大公国の発展は,16世紀中頃イワン4世 (雷帝) 治世に成立するモスクワ帝国によって継承される。

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