Capillary action - Moukangensho

Japanese: 毛管現象 - もうかんげんしょう
Capillary action - Moukangensho

This phenomenon occurs when a thin tube is placed in liquid, and the liquid rises inside the tube, becoming higher than the liquid level outside, or falls and becomes lower. It is also called the capillary effect. Leonardo da Vinci is said to have been the first to observe this phenomenon (1490). The most well-known example is when water rises up a glass capillary tube placed in water. There are many examples related to real life, such as when one end of a piece of cloth is immersed in water, the water runs up the cloth.

Capillary action is caused by the surface tension of the liquid; if the contact angle with the solid that makes up the tube wall is less than 90 degrees and wets the tube wall, the liquid will rise inside the tube, and if it is greater than 90 degrees and does not wet the tube wall, the liquid will descend. The surface inside the capillary is curved, and this is called the meniscus. The reason the liquid level rises or falls is because of the surface tension acting along this meniscus. As shown in the figure , the height h to which the liquid rises in a tube of radius R is expressed as follows, where γ is the surface tension, θ is the contact angle, g is the gravitational acceleration, and ρ is the density of the liquid:
h = 2γcosθ/ρg R
When water rises in a glass tube, θ can be set to zero. The same applies when it descends. In this formula, R is assumed to be sufficiently small compared to h . This relationship is used to measure the value of surface tension.

[Aki Ono]

[Reference items] | Contact angle | Surface tension
Capillary action of water (diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Capillary action of water (diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

細い管を液体の中に立てると、液体が管内を上昇して外部の液面より高くなったり、あるいは下降して低くなったりする現象。毛細管現象ともいう。この現象を最初に観察した(1490)のはレオナルド・ダ・ビンチといわれている。もっともよく知られているのは、ガラスの毛管を水中に立てたとき、水が毛管を上昇する場合である。布の一端を水に浸すと水が布を伝わって上昇するなど、実際の生活に関連した例も多い。

 毛管現象は液体の表面張力によって生ずるもので、管壁をつくる固体との間の接触角が90度より小さく、管壁をぬらす場合には、液体は管内を上昇し、90度より大きく、管壁をぬらさない場合は下降する。毛管内の面は曲面になり、これをメニスカスとよんでいる。液面が上昇または下降するのは、このメニスカスに沿って作用する表面張力のためである。のように、半径Rの管を上昇する高さhは、表面張力をγ、接触角をθ、重力加速度をg、液体の密度をρとすると、
  h=2γcosθ/ρgR
になる。水がガラス管を上昇する場合などはθはゼロとしてもよい。下降する場合も同様である。この式では、Rhに比べ十分小さいとしている。この関係は、表面張力の値を測定するのに用いる。

[小野 周]

[参照項目] | 接触角 | 表面張力
水の毛管現象〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

水の毛管現象〔図〕


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