A religious city in northwestern Saudi Arabia. It is located about 340 km north of Mecca. It has a population of 843,000 (2003 estimate). In the past, it was an oasis agricultural area called Yathrib, and it was well-connected and many Jews lived there. In 622, Muhammad fled persecution by pagans in Mecca and took the hijra here, and it developed into the second holiest place in Islam after Mecca. Medina is called Madina in Arabic, which is an abbreviation of "City of the Prophet (Madina an-Nabi)." After Muhammad's death in 632, the first caliph to the third caliph maintained their government here. There is a mosque (masjid) called the "Mosque of the Prophet," and in one corner of it is Muhammad's tomb. Before and after the pilgrimage to Mecca, pilgrims always visit Medina. Like Mecca, non-Muslims are not allowed to enter, but unlike Mecca, it is located on flat ground, so you can see the distant view. The surrounding area is a major producer of dates. [Motoko Katakura] historyMedina's ancient name, Yathrib, appears on a 2nd century map by Ptolemy and inscriptions from ancient South Arabia, so it is possible to assume that the town's origins date back to ancient times. However, it is not until the end of the 6th century that its history becomes clear. During that time, Medina was home to people who identified as Arabs who had migrated from South Arabia, and people who identified as Jews. The former group engaged in repeated civil wars, which ended in 622 when they embraced Islam and welcomed the Prophet Muhammad. After that, the Arabs of Medina united under Muhammad, drove out the Jews, and developed by accepting Muslims from outside. Even after the death of Muhammad, Medina was the political base of the caliphate, and Muslims conquered and ruled a vast area under the orders of the caliphate. After the Umayyad dynasty, the political center moved away from Arabia, but Medina, along with Mecca, maintained its status as one of the two holy cities of Islam. It also maintained its position as one of the centers of Islamic learning for a long time. Since 1924, it has been incorporated into the territory of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia along with Mecca. [Akira Goto] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
サウジアラビア北西部の宗教都市。メッカの北約340キロメートルに位置する。人口84万3000(2003推計)。古くはヤスリブYathribとよばれたオアシス農業地で、交通の便もよくユダヤ人も多く居住していた。622年、ムハンマド(マホメット)がメッカの異教徒たちによる迫害を逃れてこの地に聖遷(ヒジュラ)してから、メッカに次ぐイスラム教第二の聖地となり発展した。メディナはアラビア語ではマディーナMadīnahとよぶが、これは「預言者の町(マディーナ・アン・ナビー)」の略である。ムハンマドの没(632)後も初代カリフから第3代カリフまでは政権をここに置いた。市内には「預言者のモスク」とよばれるモスク(マスジッド)があり、その一隅にムハンマドの墓廟(ぼびょう)がある。メッカへの巡礼の前後、巡礼者はかならずメディナ参りをする。メッカ同様、非イスラム教徒は立ち入り禁止だが、メッカと異なり平地に位置するため遠景は望める。周辺はナツメヤシの大産地である。 [片倉もとこ] 歴史メディナの古名ヤスリブは、2世紀のプトレマイオスの地図や、古代南アラビアの碑文に現れ、町の起源は古くさかのぼることは想定できる。しかし、その歴史が明らかになるのは6世紀末からである。その時期、メディナには、かつて南アラビアから移動してきたアラブと意識する人々と、ユダヤ教徒と意識する人々がいた。前者は内戦を繰り返し、622年、イスラムを受け入れ、預言者ムハンマドを迎えることによって内戦を終結した。以後メディナのアラブはムハンマドの下にまとまり、ユダヤ教徒を追い、外部のイスラム教徒を受け入れて発展した。 ムハンマド没後も、メディナは正統カリフの政治の根拠地で、ここからの指令でイスラム教徒は広大な地域を征服、支配した。ウマイヤ朝以後、政治の中心はアラビアを離れたが、メディナはメッカとともにイスラムの二聖都としての地位を保った。またイスラムの学問の中心地の一つとしての地位も長く保った。1924年以後は、メッカとともにサウジアラビア王国の領土に組み込まれている。 [後藤 明] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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