Collateral - Tampo

Japanese: 担保 - たんぽ
Collateral - Tampo

In a broad sense, it means a promise not to cause harm to others in the future, and to compensate for any harm that does occur, or anything that compensates for that harm in general. However, it usually means something that is set up between the parties in case the debt is not fulfilled. In other words, a security is a measure taken in advance by a creditor (lender) to ensure repayment in case the debtor (e.g., a borrower of money) does not repay the money. This can be a real security or a personal security. A real security is an object provided by a debtor or a third party, in which the creditor grasps the value of the object (such as converting it into cash when the debtor does not repay) or grasps its use (such as not allowing the debtor to use it) in order to ensure the repayment of his or her own debt. The Civil Code prescribes four types of real rights for security: a lien, a preferential right, a pledge, and a mortgage, and there are also various other security systems under special laws.

Also, methods such as transfer pledge and retention of ownership are often used as a means of security. In the narrow sense, personal security is a method of security (such as appointing a guarantor) that allows repayment to be obtained even if the debtor becomes insolvent by setting aside not only the debtor's total assets but also the total assets of persons other than the debtor. Today, debts of multiple parties, such as joint and several obligations, also function as personal security, so these are often included in the term personal security. Note that reservations of offset can also function as security.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi]

[Reference items] | Provisional registration security | Foundation mortgage | Security interest | Chattel mortgage

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には、将来他人に不利益を与えないことを請け合い、万一不利益が生じた場合にはその補いをつけること、またはその補いとなるもの一般をさす。しかし普通は、とくに債務が履行されない場合に備えて当事者間に設定されるものをいう。すなわち、債務者(たとえば金銭の借主)が金銭を返済しない場合に備えて、債権者(貸主)がその弁済を確保するためにあらかじめ講じる手段を担保という。これには物的担保と人的担保がある。物的担保とは、債務者または第三者の提供する物について、債権者がその価値を把握する(債務者が弁済しないときにこれを換価するなど)ことによって、あるいは、その利用を把握する(債務者にそれを利用させないなど)ことによって、自己の債権の弁済を確保しようとするものである。民法には留置権、先取(さきどり)特権、質権、抵当権の4種の担保のための物権が定められており、そのほか特別法上の各種の担保制度がある。

 また、譲渡担保、所有権留保などの方法が担保の手段として用いられることも多い。人的担保は、狭い意味においては、債務者の総財産だけでなく、債務者以外の者の総財産をも債務の引き当てとすることによって、債務者が無資力になっても弁済が得られるようにしておく担保の方法(保証人をたてることがこれにあたる)である。今日では、連帯債務などのように多数当事者の債務も人的担保の機能を果たすものであることから、これらも含めて人的担保ということが多い。なお相殺の予約が担保としての機能を果たすことがある。

[高橋康之]

[参照項目] | 仮登記担保 | 財団抵当 | 担保物権 | 動産抵当

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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