Record of Visits to Ming and Yi

This is the major work of Huang Zongxi in the early Qing Dynasty of China, and is a book on political and social theory. The title is based on the phrase "Brightness is undermined" from the Book of Changes, and means that in a dark age, people are waiting for a wise ruler to come up with a way to govern. Zongxi was involved in political activities from a young age, and organized a volunteer army to resist the Qing army's advance south. Upon receiving the news that the Ming dynasty royal line had been wiped out, he wrote this book in 1663 as a settlement of the first half of his life in deep regret. Inheriting the political theories of the Ming Dynasty and the Donglin School, he argued that in terms of rulership and subjects, a ruler has a duty to satisfy the economic needs of the people, subjects should serve the whole world, not just the ruler himself, and that against tyrants, it is permissible to carry out the traditional Confucian idea of ​​a revolution in which the surname is changed and the ruler is replaced, and he criticized the political idea of ​​absolute rulership. It also proposes fundamental reform of the imperial court, bureaucracy, finances, and military systems, and discusses the establishment of Nanjing as the capital of the Ming Dynasty, in light of the fall of the Ming Dynasty. Due to its extreme content, it was banned in the Qing Dynasty, but during the Reform Movement at the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was printed in large quantities as an enlightening book and played an important role in the movement.

[Koji Sano]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、清(しん)代初期の黄宗羲(こうそうぎ)の主著で、政治社会論の書。書名は『易経』の「明るさが夷(そこな)われる」に基づき、暗黒の世にあって賢明な君主から治世の方策を訪(と)われるのを待つとの意。若いころから政治活動に従事し、清軍南下に際しては義勇軍を組織して抵抗した宗羲は、明(みん)朝王統が絶えたとの報を受け、痛恨のうちに前半生の決算として1663年にこの書を著した。明代思潮と東林学派の政治論を継承し、君臣論としては、君主は民衆の経済的欲求を充足させる義務があり、臣下は君主個人にではなく天下万民に奉仕すべきで、暴君に対しては儒教の伝統思想である易姓革命、君主交代を行うことが許されるとし、君主絶対の政治理念を批判した。また宮室、官僚、財政、軍備諸制度の抜本的改革、明滅亡の反省にたつ南京(ナンキン)主都論などを展開している。内容の激しさのため、清朝では禁書とされたが、清末の変法運動に際しては啓蒙(けいもう)書として大量に印刷され、運動に一役買った。

［佐野公治］

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