Ethnic migration

Japanese: 民族移動 - みんぞくいどう
Ethnic migration

When a certain ethnic group leaves its traditional habitat and migrates to another area. It is not individual, sporadic, or temporary. It also does not include periodic movement within a territory, as seen in pastoralists. The most famous example of ethnic migration in history is the "Great Migration" of Germanic groups from the end of the 4th century to the beginning of the 6th century. This was inspired by the Huns' westward advance, and the migration of one ethnic group often triggers the migration of other ethnic groups.

The migration of the Han people of China to southern China was mainly due to political and military oppression by nomads in the north, while the pressure of the Han people was also a factor in the southward migration of the Tai people in southern China. In such cases, a single historical event is the trigger for the migration, but in reality, many small-scale migrations have been accumulated before and after. The advance of the Tai people into Southeast Asia is one example, and it is believed that they gradually moved south along the river valley plains, taking with them the technique of wet rice cultivation. The causes of this include a search for better land for farming, population pressure in their home villages, conflicts, and relationships with neighboring groups. Ethnic migration is generally considered to be divided into forced and voluntary, but in reality both factors are intricately related. Typical examples of forced migration are migrations that are the result of war or conquest, such as the migration of black people to the Americas as slaves and the forced migration of American Indians due to indigenous policies. The migration of the Tupi people in South America in the 16th century was based on religious motives in search of a utopia. It was in some sense spontaneous, but at the same time it was built against the backdrop of the Portuguese advance.

Ethnic migration is not only influenced by these social and historical factors, but also by the natural environment. It is the trigger for migration and the condition that makes migration possible. The drying of the north of the Sahara, which began around the 4th millennium BC, pushed the people who once lived in this region south. Meanwhile, as a result of the drop in sea level due to the ice age, migration took place across a land bridge that was created in the Bering Strait more than 30,000 years ago. Although the date of migration to the Australian continent is unclear, the condition of land expansion cannot be ignored. However, the Polynesian people who later migrated to the islands of the Pacific Ocean were largely influenced by their navigation skills using outrigger canoes. They are said to have migrated from Southeast Asia starting around 4000 BC and reached the easternmost islands several centuries after Christ. Their expansion brought root crop farming and livestock raising to this region, along with navigation skills. In this way, a certain cultural element becomes the trigger for ethnic migration, and the elements of culture are also moved along with the people who carry it. However, migration can also result in the loss of certain cultural elements. Polynesians had pottery at the beginning of their migration, but they lost it due to the island environment and the use of coconut shells as a substitute.

[Tamura Katsumi]

[Reference item] | Great Ethnic Migration

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある民族が、従来の居住地を離れ、別の地域に移住すること。それは、個別的、散発的なものではなく、一時的でない。また、牧畜民などにみられる領域内の定期的移動も含まれない。歴史上、民族移動のもっとも有名な例は、4世紀末から6世紀初頭にかけてのゲルマン諸集団の「民族大移動」がある。それは、フンの西進に触発されたものであるように、しばしば、一民族の移動は他民族の移動を引き起こすことがある。

 中国の漢民族の華南への移住は、北方の遊牧民の政治的、軍事的圧迫が大きな要因であり、他方、漢民族の圧力は、華南のタイ系諸族などの南下の一因となっている。こうした場合、一つの歴史的事件が移動の契機となるが、実際には、その前後に数多くの小規模な移住の積み重ねられていることが多い。タイ系諸族の東南アジアへの進出はその一例であり、河谷平野沿いに水稲耕作の技術をもってしだいに南下していったと思われる。その原因としては、よりよい耕作適地を求めることや、母村の人口圧、紛争、また近隣諸集団との関係などさまざまあげられる。民族移動は一般に強制的と自発的に分けて考えられるが、実際には両方の要因の複雑に関係することがみられる。強制的移動の典型的な例は、戦争や征服の結果、移住させられるもので、アメリカ大陸への黒人の奴隷としての移動、先住民政策によるアメリカ・インディアンの強制的移住などもその例である。16世紀に南アメリカで起こったトゥピ諸族の移動は、理想郷を求めるという宗教的動機に基づいている。それは、ある意味で自発的であるが、同時にポルトガル人の進出を背景としている。

 民族移動は、こうした社会的、歴史的要因ばかりでなく、自然環境も大いに関係する。それは、移動への契機になるとともに、移動を可能にさせる条件でもある。紀元前四千年紀ころから進んだサハラ北方の乾燥化は、かつてこの地方に住んでいた人々を南へと押しやった。一方、氷河期による海面下降の結果、およそ3万年以上前に、ベーリング海峡にできた陸橋を越えて移住が行われた。オーストラリア大陸への移動の年代については明らかでない点があるが、やはり陸地の拡大という条件は無視できない。しかし、その後、太平洋の島々に移住していったポリネシアの人々などは、アウトリガー付きカヌーによる航海技術が大きな要因となっている。彼らは、前4000年ころを始まりとして東南アジアから移動し、紀元後数世紀に東端の島に達したものとされる。彼らの拡大は、航海技術とともに、根栽農耕や家畜飼育をこの地域にもたらした。このように、ある文化要素が民族移動の契機になるとともに、それによって文化の諸要素が担い手とともに移動させられる。しかし、民族移動の結果、特定の文化要素の失われることもみられる。ポリネシアの人々は、移動の初期において土器をもっていたが、島嶼(とうしょ)環境や代用品となるココヤシの殻のため、土器を喪失していった。

[田村克己]

[参照項目] | 民族大移動

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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