If we were to define it, we could say that they are people who recognize themselves as traditionally connected to one another, or who are recognized as such by others, based on some common cultural feature that distinguishes them from other groups. In this case, cultural indicators refer to various criteria selected as meaningful indicators for the people in question from all areas of shared consciousness such as land, blood ties, and language, as well as religion, myths and worldviews, social organizations, economic life, and other lifestyles. Academically, race is an attempt to establish a human category based on human physical characteristics, while ethnicity is basically distinguished as a human category based on cultural characteristics, but we must not forget that both ethnic and racial concepts are one form of human classification by humans, and are themselves nothing but products of culture. Academic ethnic classification is often based on language because a common language is the basic premise for enabling communication between members of an ethnic group, and because language is thought to be closely related to people's ways of thinking and mentality. This is probably why ethnic language is often emphasized in the awakening of ethnic consciousness. However, it should be noted that cultural elements such as social organization and economic life are logically omitted from broad categories such as "Germanic peoples" or "Latin peoples," which are based on language. Similarly, rough categories such as "agricultural peoples," "nomadic peoples," or "horseback riding peoples" do not refer to individual ethnic groups with proper names, but are classifications of people that focus on the importance of cultural elements, especially the form of livelihood and lifestyle, and we should avoid easily assuming commonalities with other cultural elements based on this terminology. [Tomizawa Toshio] Background of ethnic ideasThe broad category of "ethnic group" that is extremely crude is a perfect example of the classification of people based on the dichotomy of civilization versus primitiveness by people who consider themselves to belong to "civilization." This tendency was particularly evident among Western Europeans who made geographical discoveries. Going back even further, the word barbaroi used by the ancient Greeks seems to have been based on a contemptuous notion of foreign peoples whose language they could not understand. In China, characters were used for thousands of years to represent the names of surrounding foreign peoples, including the ancient Nanban (Southern Barbarians), Beidi (Beidi), Yao (Yao), Liao (Liao), Tou (Dong), Lolo (Lolo), and Danmin (Danmin), with the addition of the meaning of animals and insects that are subhuman. In ancient Japan, foreign tribes on the border were referred to using characters representing animals, such as Emishi, Kumaso, and Hayato, and a similar idea can be seen in the use of terms such as Nanbanjin (Southern Barbarians) from the Muromachi period onwards. This type of thinking is called ethnocentrism, and it is by no means an uncommon phenomenon that has been found throughout history, both in the East and the West; rather, it is found almost universally in all human societies. In the first place, the concept of humanity as we understand it today is not something that came about very recently. This fact is supported by the fact that in many of the world's ethnic groups, the ethnic name (self-name) itself means humans as distinguished from animals in the indigenous language of the ethnic group. Examples include the "Ainu" of Hokkaido and Karafuto (Sakhalin), the "Atayal (Tayal)" of Taiwan, the "Bantu" of Africa, and the "Inuit" of the Eskimo in the far north of Canada. In any case, after the Age of Discovery by Western Europeans, and with the development of transportation and communication networks, encounters between a wide variety of ethnic groups and races have increased dramatically, but at the same time, despite the diverse forms of existence of human beings, they have come to recognize commonalities that clearly distinguish them from other living things. In particular, it was groundbreaking when Linnaeus gave humans the scientific name Homo sapiens in the mid-18th century and defined them as a single species. Moreover, by the end of the 18th century, the existence of people in every region of the world was confirmed, and the concept of humanity as we know it today was established in both name and reality. Of course, from before that time until the present, references and descriptions of ethnic groups and races that certain people considered to be different have been frequent. In these cases, the academic distinction between ethnic groups and races was not always clearly recognized. For example, in many cases, descriptions of a certain human society include physical characteristics such as skin color, head and hair shape, and height of the people, as well as geographical living space, clothing, ethics, intelligence, language, religion, and occupation. [Tomizawa Toshio] Modern significanceIn modern times, it can be said that humanity is largely divided by the political framework of individual nations. If we define a nation as the members of such a nation, it is naturally a social category with strong political nuances. However, as the formation of a nation progresses within the framework of an independent nation, and something that can be called a national language, national culture, or national consciousness is created, the nation begins to take on the characteristics of an ethnic group, and in fact, there are many cases in which they are recognized as synonymous. Of course, in order to grasp the reality of the world today, it is necessary, in principle, to make a clear distinction between ethnic groups and nations. This is because, due to various historical circumstances and social systems, it is common for the boundaries of ethnic groups to not coincide with the boundaries of modern nations, and there are many cases in which multiple ethnic groups coexist within a single nation. In so-called multi-ethnic states, the relationship between a particular ethnic group and the society as a whole (the state) that embraces it, although it is usually culturally distinct, or the relationship between the majority ethnic group that holds the lead in running the state and other groups, is of extremely important significance both to the group in question and to the state. Ethnic groups are essentially considered to exist as ethnic categories, but as I have repeatedly stated, this is thought to be triggered by the self-awareness of the ethnic group itself or by the recognition of other groups. However, it goes without saying that ethnic groups can actually become active and have concrete meaning when, directly or indirectly, the ethnic group itself becomes aware of its own existence (its uniqueness), or what is generally called ethnic consciousness, through some kind of relationship with the outside world. This kind of self-awareness of an ethnic group and the system of symbolic actions based on it are the phenomenon generally known as ethnicity. The indicators used to define the boundaries of an ethnic group can cover social life in general, or they can be limited to specific areas of social life. Specifically, it can be said that cultural characteristics that serve as the standards for an ethnic group or ethnicity are selected as symbols from cultural contents ranging from explicit ones such as clothing, language, house form, and general lifestyle to values, ethics, and standards of behavior. What is important is that even if there are individual movements, contacts, marriages, assimilations, and other phenomena of people among different ethnic categories, and even if the cultural characteristics that are indicators of ethnicity themselves change historically, as long as ethnic categories continue to exist, the dichotomy between members and non-members (outsiders) will continue. In general, there are two major positions on the definition of ethnicity: the theory that it is defined by some original and unchanging substance such as blood ties, ancestral land, or language (essentialist or primordialist), and the theory that it is repeatedly defined and redefined in social and historical situations, and in extreme cases, ethnicity is even "invented" (cricumstancialist). It is important to note that even in ethnicities established in a situational manner, there are many phenomena in which ties based on blood, land, or language are materialized or originalized, and this may be said to hide subtle and important points in many of today's ethnic issues. [Tomizawa Toshio] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
あえて定義すれば、他の集団から区別されるなんらかの文化的共通項を指標として、互いに伝統的に結ばれていると自ら認める人々、もしくは他の人々によってそのように認められる人々、といえる。この場合、文化的指標とは土地、血縁、言語などの共有意識や、宗教、神話・世界観、社会組織、経済生活、その他の生活様式のあらゆる領域のなかから、当該の人々にとって意味のある指標として選択される多様な基準を意味する。学術上、人種は人間の身体的特徴を基準にした人間範疇(はんちゅう)設定の試みであるのに対し、民族は基本的に、文化的特徴を指標にした人間範疇であるとして区別されるが、民族観念も人種観念も、いずれも人間による人間自身の分類行為の一つであり、それ自体が文化の所産にほかならないということを忘れてはならない。 学術上の民族分類が言語を基準にして行われることが多いのは、共通の言語が民族成員間のコミュニケーションを可能にする大前提としてあり、また言語が人々の思考様式や心性と密接にかかわっていると考えられるからである。民族意識の覚醒(かくせい)において民族言語が重視されることが多いのも、おそらくこのことと関係している。しかし、たとえば言語を指標とした「ゲルマン民族」とか「ラテン民族」といったなかば通俗的ともいえる大範疇からは、社会組織や経済生活などの文化要素は論理的に捨象されていることに注意しなければならない。同様に、「農耕民族」「遊牧民族」あるいは「騎馬民族」といった粗雑な範疇は、固有名詞をもつ個別的な民族に言及するものではなく、文化要素のうちでも、とくに生業形態や生活様式の重要性に着目した人間分類であり、この用語法から、安易にその他の文化要素にまでも共通性を想定することは避けるべきである。 [富沢寿勇] 民族観念の背景「未開民族」といった、「民族」の用語法のうちでも極端な粗さを伴う大範疇は、「文明」に属すると意識する人々による、文明対未開という二項対立思考に基づく人間分類の端的な例である。とくに「地理上の発見」を契機とした西欧人たちに、この傾向が顕著にみられたのであり、また時代をさかのぼって古代ギリシア人が使ったバルバロイbarbaroiということばは、言語の通じない異民族への蔑視(べっし)の観念に基づいていたらしい。また、中国においては古代の南蛮(なんばん)、北狄(ほくてき)をはじめ、猺(ヤオ)、(リャオ)、(トウ)、(ロロ)、蛋民(たんみん)などのように、人間以下の存在である獣や虫の意を加えて、周辺の異民族の名称を表した文字が、何千年にもわたって用いられた。古代日本においても、辺境の異民族に対して蝦夷(えみし)、熊襲(くまそ)、隼人(はやと)などのように動物を表す字をあてて記されたし、室町時代以降の南蛮人などの表現にも、同様の発想が推測される。このような思考を自民族中心主義(エスノセントリズムethnocentrism)というが、これは古今東西にわたり、けっして珍しい現象ではなく、むしろあらゆる人類社会にほぼ普遍的にみられるものである。 そもそも人類という概念を、われわれが今日理解する意味でもつようになったこと自体、歴史的にけっして古いことではない。世界の諸民族の多くにおいて、民族名称(自称)自体が、その民族の土着語で動物からは区別されるヒトを意味することが、この事実を裏づけている。たとえば、北海道・樺太(からふと)(サハリン)の「アイヌ」、台湾の「アタヤル(タイヤル)」をはじめ、アフリカの「バントゥー」やカナダ極北域エスキモーの「イヌイット」などがよい例である。ともあれ、西欧人による大航海時代を経て、さらに交通、コミュニケーション網の発達により、多種多様な諸民族、諸人種間の出会いが飛躍的に増加するようになったが、同時に、人類の多様な存在形態にもかかわらず、その根底には他の生物からは明瞭(めいりょう)に区別される共通項が認識されるようになってきた。とくに18世紀の中ごろ、リンネが人間にホモ・サピエンスという学名を与えて、これを単一の種と規定したのは画期的なことである。しかも18世紀の末ごろまでには、地球上のあらゆる地域の人々の存在が確認され、今日的な意味での人類という概念が名実ともに成立したといってよい。もちろん、それ以前から現在に至るまで、特定の人々によって異質ととらえられた民族・人種への言及や記述は盛んに行われている。その際、民族と人種の学術上の区別が、かならずしも明瞭に意識されていたわけではない。たとえば、ある特定の人間社会の記述に、人々の肌の色や頭、髪などの形状や身長などの身体的特徴と、地理上の居住空間、衣装、倫理観、知性、言語、宗教および生業形態などが併記されていた例は少なくない。 [富沢寿勇] 現代的意義現代においては、人類は個々の国家という政治的枠組みによって、大分割されているともいえる。国民(ネイション nation)を、このような国家の成員と規定すれば、それはおのずから政治的ニュアンスの濃厚な社会範疇であるということになる。しかし、独立国家の枠組みの下に国民形成が進行し、国語や国民文化あるいは国民意識とかいえるものが創出されるようになると、国民が民族の様相を帯びるようになり、実際、同義的に認識されるような例は少なくない。もちろん、民族と国民とは、今日の世界の現実を把握するためには、原理上、峻別(しゅんべつ)しなければならない。なぜなら、さまざまな歴史的状況や社会体制とも絡んで、民族の境界と近代国家の境界とは一致しないことが普通であり、また、単一国家のなかに多数の民族が共存する事例は非常に多いからである。いわゆる複合民族国家においては、特定の民族集団(エスニック・グループ)と、普通は文化的に異質ながら、それを包摂する全体社会(国家)との関係や、あるいはまた、国家運営の主導権を握る多数民族などと他の諸集団との関係のあり方が、当該集団にとっても、当該国家にとっても、きわめて重要な意味をもつ。 民族は、本質的に民族範疇として存在すると考えられるが、繰り返し述べているように、これは民族自身による自覚か、あるいは、他集団による認識が契機となるものと考えられる。しかし、民族というものが現実に活性化し、具体的に意味をもちうるのは、直接的にせよ、間接的にせよ、外部とのなんらかの関係を通じて、民族自身が自己の存在(の特殊性)、あるいは、いわば民族意識と一般によばれるものを自覚したときであることはいうまでもない。このような民族の自らの認識とそれに依拠した象徴的行為の体系が一般にエスニシティ(ethnicity)とよばれる現象である。民族の境界設定に用いられる指標は、社会生活全般に及ぶこともあれば、社会生活の特定分野に限定される場合もある。具体的には、たとえば衣服、言語、家屋形態、一般的生活様式などのように明示的なものから、価値観、倫理観、行為基準などに至る文化内容のなかから、民族あるいはエスニシティの基準となる文化特徴が象徴として選択されているといえる。重要なのは、異なる民族範疇の間で、人員の個別的移動、接触、婚姻、同化、等々の現象が生じても、また、民族あるいはエスニシティの指標となる文化特徴自体が歴史的に変容しても、民族範疇というものが存在し続ける限りにおいて、成員と非成員(ヨソ者)との間の二分化作用は持続するということである。総じて、民族というものを定義する場合、それが血のつながりや祖先伝来の土地、言語などの何らかの本源的、不変的な実体によって定義されるという説(本源論essentialistあるいは原初論primordialist)と、それが社会的・歴史的状況のなかで定義、再定義を繰り返していくものであり、極端な場合、民族は「発明」されさえするという説(状況論cricumstancialist)という二つの大きな立場がある。注意を要するのは、状況論的に成立した民族も、血や土地や言語による結び付きを実体化あるいは本源化していく現象は少なくなく、ここに今日の多くの民族問題の微妙にして重要なる論点が隠されているともいえる。 [富沢寿勇] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Petition for the Establishment of a Popularly Elected Assembly - Minsen Giinsetsuri Tsukenpaku
A late Paleolithic art site located about 45km eas...
…Since EC Hansen established a method for pure is...
A county in the eastern end of Shaanxi Province, ...
An office under the Taiho and Yoro codes. It was ...
In capitalist society, the law states that develo...
〘Noun〙 A confectionery made by wrapping dried and ...
…It is also called Finnish baseball. After the 19...
…It is a neurotic expression that has been noted ...
...The Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt in eastern Venezuel...
...Many of those who were engaged in livestock fa...
…The old city is surrounded by a 57m-wide ring ro...
A mountain in the Togakushi district of Nagano Ci...
… After the defeat in the War of Independence (th...
...A policy field related to science and technolo...
Kanmu Heishi. They are said to be descendants of ...