This refers to communication using electromagnetic waves with a frequency range of 30 to 300 gigahertz, that is, wavelengths of 1 to 10 millimeters. In the millimeter wave band, the absorption loss due to atmospheric molecules, and the absorption and scattering loss due to rain are very large, so communication by spatial propagation using antennas is limited to very short distances. However, by using a waveguide as the propagation medium, it is possible to realize a low-loss transmission method with a repeater interval of about 15 to 40 kilometers. In addition, because the millimeter wave band has a high frequency, it is possible to transmit tens of gigabits per second, which is equivalent to hundreds of thousands of voice lines. However, millimeter wave communication using a waveguide is expensive to install, and with the realization of optical fiber communication, it has lost its advantage in terms of transmission capacity, so it is not currently used for normal communication. Communications using a slightly longer frequency range (10 to 30 gigahertz) are called quasi-millimeter wave communications, and a spatial propagation method using an antenna has been put to practical use. Because the propagation distance is limited to a maximum of several kilometers, these are currently used as dedicated lines between mobile communication base stations and communication centers, or between buildings in cities. [Ryo Tsuboi and Tetsuya Miki] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
周波数範囲が30~300ギガヘルツ、すなわち波長が1~10ミリメートルの電磁波を用いた通信をいう。ミリ波帯においては、大気分子による吸収損失、雨による吸収および散乱損失がきわめて大きいため、アンテナを用いた空間伝搬による通信はごく近距離に限られるが、伝搬媒体に導波管を用いることによって、中継間隔が15~40キロメートル程度の低損失伝送方式が実現可能である。また、ミリ波帯は周波数が高いので、毎秒数十ギガビット、音声換算数十万回線の伝送が可能である。しかし、導波管によるミリ波通信は敷設コストが高く、光ファイバー通信の実現により、伝送容量の点でも優位性を失ったため、現在では通常の通信には使用されていない。 なお、波長がもうすこし長い周波数範囲(10~30ギガヘルツ)を用いた通信を準ミリ波通信とよび、アンテナを用いた空間伝搬方式が実用化されている。伝搬距離が最大で数キロメートルと制限があるため、現在では移動通信基地局と通信センター間や、都市のビル間での専用回線として普及している。 [坪井 了・三木哲也] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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