Heavenly body

Japanese: 天体 - てんたい(英語表記)heavenly body
Heavenly body

Materials in outer space that are the subject of astronomy research. Typical components include planets like the Earth, moons like the Moon, stars like the Sun, and galaxies made up of many stars, but also include interstellar gas and dust.

[Satellite] A celestial body that revolves around a planet, such as Earth's Moon, Mars' Phobos, Jupiter's Galilean moons, and Saturn's Titan.

[Planet] A relatively small-mass celestial body that orbits a star, does not undergo nuclear fusion, does not emit light by itself, and is an object of the solar system, such as Venus, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, as well as the recently discovered exoplanets.

[Dwarf planet] A celestial body that revolves around the Sun, has reached gravitational equilibrium, is nearly spherical, but does not exclude other celestial bodies from its orbit. Examples include Pluto, Eris, and Ceres.

[Small Solar System Bodies] A general term for all celestial bodies in the solar system other than moons, planets, and dwarf planets, including asteroids, comets, trans-Neptunian objects, interplanetary gas, and dust.

[Planetary system forming objects] Protoplanetary disks and planetesimals that appear during the process of forming a planetary system.

[Star] A celestial body that emits light by itself when gas contracts into a sphere due to its own gravity, causing nuclear fusion in the center. The sun is a typical example, and is one of the basic elements that make up the universe. Its main component is hydrogen, and it synthesizes elements up to iron through nuclear fusion, playing a role in the chemical evolution of the universe. When a star exceeds a certain mass, it eventually undergoes a supernova explosion, synthesizing heavy metals such as uranium.

[Star cluster] A collection of stars that is a remnant of the birth of multiple stars at the same time. There are relatively sparse open clusters and fairly concentrated globular clusters.

Nebulae are celestial bodies that can be seen when nearby stars illuminate interstellar gas. Examples include diffuse nebulae, dark nebulae, planetary nebulae, and supernova remnants.

[Galaxy] A celestial body made up of a large number of stars. Along with stars, it is an important element that makes up the universe, forming galaxy clusters and superclusters. There are disk galaxies (spiral galaxies), elliptical galaxies, irregular galaxies, dwarf galaxies, etc.

[Galaxy cluster] A celestial body that contains hundreds to thousands of galaxies. There are many examples of galaxies in a cluster colliding or passing each other and interacting with each other. The Virgo Cluster, to which the Milky Way belongs, is a famous example.

[Supercluster] A large-scale celestial object in which multiple galaxy clusters interact gravitationally. The Virgo Cluster is a member of the Virgo Supercluster.

[Large-scale structure of the universe] There is the Great Wall, where galaxies are distributed like a wall, and voids (hollow regions) where there are almost no galaxies.

[Dark matter, dark energy] Its true nature is unknown, but its existence is certain.

[Editorial Department]

[References] | Dark matter | Moons | Galaxy | Clusters of galaxies | Stars | Dwarf planets | Nebulae | Clusters of stars | Small solar system bodies | Superclusters | Planets

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

宇宙空間にある物質で、天文学が研究の対象とする物。地球のような惑星、月のような衛星、太陽のような恒星、恒星が多数集合している銀河などが代表的な構成要素であるが、それ以外に星間ガス、塵なども含む。

〔衛星〕惑星の周囲を公転している天体。地球の月、火星のフォボス、木星のガリレオ衛星、土星のタイタンなど。

〔惑星〕恒星の周囲を公転している天体のなかで、核融合せず、自身では光らない、比較的質量の小さな天体。太陽系における金星、地球、木星、土星や最近発見されている太陽系外惑星など。

〔準惑星〕太陽の周囲を公転している天体のなかで、重力平衡に達してほぼ球形をしているが、軌道上から他の天体を排除していない天体。冥王星(めいおうせい)、エリスやケレスなど。

〔太陽系小天体〕太陽系に属する天体のうち、衛星、惑星、準惑星以外のすべての天体の総称。小惑星、彗星(すいせい)、太陽系外縁天体や惑星間ガス、塵など。

〔惑星系形成天体〕惑星系を形成する途中で出現する原始惑星系円盤や微惑星など。

〔恒星〕自己重力によりガスが球状に収縮して中心部で核融合を起こし、自ら光り出した天体。太陽が典型的な例であり、宇宙を構成する基本要素の一つ。水素が主成分であり、核融合により、鉄までの元素を合成して、宇宙の化学進化を担う。恒星が、ある質量より大きいと最後は超新星爆発を起こし、ウランなどの重金属も合成する。

〔星団〕恒星の集合体で同時に複数の恒星が誕生したときの名残(なごり)である。比較的まばらな散開星団と、かなり集中している球状星団がある。

〔星雲〕星間ガスを近くの恒星が照らすことによりわかる天体。散光星雲、暗黒星雲、惑星状星雲、超新星残骸(ざんがい)などがある。

〔銀河〕恒星が多数集まった天体。恒星と並び、宇宙を構成する重要な要素で、銀河団、超銀河団を形成する。円盤銀河(渦巻銀河)、楕円(だえん)銀河、不規則銀河、矮小(わいしょう)銀河などがある。

〔銀河団〕銀河が数百から数千個集まった天体。銀河団内の銀河は衝突したり、すれ違いながら相互作用している例が多い。天の川銀河が属するおとめ座銀河団が有名。

〔超銀河団〕複数の銀河団が重力的に相互作用している大規模構造の天体。おとめ座銀河団が属しているおとめ座超銀河団がある。

〔宇宙の大規模構造〕銀河が壁のように分布するグレートウォール、ほとんど銀河がないボイド(空洞領域)がある。

〔暗黒物質(ダークマター)、ダークエネルギー〕正体は不明だが、存在は確実視されている。

[編集部]

[参照項目] | 暗黒物質 | 衛星 | 銀河 | 銀河団 | 恒星 | 準惑星 | 星雲 | 星団 | 太陽系小天体 | 超銀河団 | 惑星

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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