Milyukov, Pavel Nikolaevich

Japanese: ミリュコーフ（英語表記）Milyukov， Pavel Nikolaevich

Born January 27, 1859 in Moscow
[Died] March 31, 1943. Aix-les-Bains. Russian historian and politician. He studied history at Moscow University under PG Vinogradov and VO Klyuchevsky. He began teaching at the university in 1886, but was exiled to Ryazan in 1894 in connection with the student movement. He later went abroad and lectured on Russian history at Sofia and the University of Chicago, among other places, while traveling widely in Europe and the United States, where he was exposed to democracy in advanced countries. He returned to Russia in 1905, the year of the First Russian Revolution, and was active in the "Liberation League." He then organized the "Cadet" and edited its organ newspaper, "Rech'," advocating liberal reforms. He was a member of the Third and Fourth Duma. During World War I, he harshly criticized the Tsarist government for its incompetence and lack of policy, but supported the war effort itself. After the February Revolution of 1917, he tried to prolong the life of the monarchy by offering to transfer power to Grand Duke Mikhail, but failed. After the revolution, he became the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government, but a memorandum dated May 1 (April 18 in the lunar calendar), which promised to continue the war with the Allies, sparked large-scale protests in Petrograd, and he resigned on May 15. After the October Revolution, he joined the White Guards, and went into exile in 1820. He continued his exile activities in London and Paris, but during World War II he criticized Russian exiles who cooperated with the Fascists against the Soviet Union. He wrote many works on Russian history, including Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul'tury (Outline of the History of Russian Culture) (3 volumes, 1896-1903) and Istoriya vtoroi russkoi revolyutsii (History of the Second Russian Revolution) (3 volumes, 21-24).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1859.1.27. モスクワ
[没]1943.3.31. エクスレバン
ロシアの歴史家，政治家。モスクワ大学で，P.G.ビノグラドフ，V.O.クリュチェフスキーらに歴史を学ぶ。 1886年より同大学で教壇に立ったが，94年学生運動に関連してリャザンに流された。その後国外に出，ソフィア，シカゴ大学などでロシア史を講じるかたわら，欧米を広く旅行し，先進諸国の民主主義に触れた。第1次ロシア革命の起った 1905年帰国，「解放同盟」などにより活動。次いで「カデット」を組織，その機関紙『言論』 Rech'を編集するなど自由主義的改革を主張。第3，4国会議員。第1次世界大戦に際してはツァーリズム政府の無能無策をきびしく批判したが，戦争遂行そのものには賛成。 17年二月革命が起ると大公ミハイルへの権力委譲を申出るなど君主制の延命をはかったが失敗。革命後は臨時政府の外相に就任したが，戦争継続を連合国側に約束する5月1日 (旧暦4月 18日) 付きの覚え書がもとで，ペトログラードに大抗議行動が起り，5月 15日辞任。十月革命後は白衛軍と行動をともにし，20年より亡命。ロンドン，パリで亡命活動を続けたが，第2次世界大戦ではファシストと協力してソ連邦に対決したロシア人亡命者を批判した。『ロシア文化史概説』 Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul'tury (3巻，1896～1903) ，『第2次ロシア革命史』 Istoriya vtoroi russkoi revolyutsii (3巻，21～24) など多くのロシア史に関する著作を残した。

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