Born: July 18, 1918, Umtata, South Africa [Died] December 5, 2013, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. South African politician, lawyer, black liberation movement leader. President (in office 1994-99). Full name Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. Born into a family of Thembu chiefs, he obtained a law degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1942. In 1944, he joined the African National Congress (ANC) and engaged in the anti-apartheid movement (→apartheid). In 1952, he established a law firm with Oliver Tambo. In 1956, he was charged with treason, but was acquitted in 1961. In 1962, he was rearrested and imprisoned for five years. In the Rivonia trial that began in 1963, he was charged with subversion, treason, and violent conspiracy along with several other activists, and in 1964, he was sentenced to life imprisonment, and imprisoned on Robben Island from 1964 to 1982. In February 1990, he was released after 28 years by the government led by President FW de Klerk, and in 1991 he was elected president of the ANC. He signed a peace agreement with the de Klerk government, which abolished apartheid, and in 1993 he and de Klerk were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1994, the ANC won the first all-race constituent assembly election in South Africa's history, and he became South Africa's first black president. He retired from politics in 1999 when his term expired. In the same year, he established the Nelson Mandela Foundation, and even after his retirement from politics, he demonstrated his presence in the international community as a champion of peace, reconciliation, and social justice. His books include a collection of books and speeches, The Struggle Is My Life (1978, revised in 1990), and his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom (1994). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
[生]1918.7.18. 南アフリカ連邦,ウムタータ [没]2013.12.5. 南アフリカ共和国,ヨハネスブルク 南アフリカ共和国の政治家,法律家,黒人解放運動指導者。大統領(在任 1994~99)。フルネーム Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela。テンブ族の首長の家に生まれ,1942年ウィットウォーターズランド大学で法律の学位を取得。1944年アフリカ民族会議 ANCに参加,反アパルトヘイト運動に従事する(→アパルトヘイト)。1952年オリバー・タンボとともに弁護士事務所を設立した。1956年国家反逆罪に問われたが 1961年無罪判決を言い渡された。1962年再逮捕され,懲役 5年の刑で投獄された。1963年に始まったリボニア裁判で数人の活動家とともに破壊行為,国家反逆罪,暴力的陰謀罪に問われ,翌 1964年終身刑を宣告され,1964~82年ロブン島に収監。1990年2月 F.W.デクラーク大統領率いる政権により 28年ぶりに釈放され,1991年 ANC議長に選出された。アパルトヘイトを撤廃したデクラーク政権と和平協定を結び,1993年デクラークとともにノーベル平和賞を受賞した。1994年南アフリカ史上初めて全人種が参加する制憲議会選挙で ANCが勝利を収め,南アフリカ初の黒人大統領となった。1999年任期満了に伴い政界を引退。同 1999年ネルソン・マンデラ基金を設立し,政界引退後も平和,和解,社会正義の擁護者として国際社会にその存在感を示した。著書に著作・演説集『ネルソン・マンデラ/闘いはわが人生』The Struggle Is My Life(1978,1990改訂),自叙伝『自由への長い道』Long Walk to Freedom(1994)がある。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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