Parliament Enclosure

Japanese: 議会エンクロージャー - ぎかいえんくろーじゃー
Parliament Enclosure

… The English Revolution in the mid-17th century abolished the absolute monarchy's anti-enclosure laws, but open farmland, common pastures, and common meadows remained widely in the Midlands, the North, the South, and the East. They disappeared by the mid-19th century due to the parliamentary enclosures that began in the 18th century, especially in the 1860s, that is, the large-scale enclosures enacted by parliamentary acts. The second enclosures were aimed at improved agriculture, that is, rotational cultivation for cultivated land and large-scale grazing for livestock. …

From [Agricultural Revolution]

…Just as technological innovation is called a “technical revolution,” technological change in agriculture is sometimes called an “agricultural revolution.” However, it can be called an “agricultural revolution” in the true sense of the word only if it is accompanied by a change in the production and ownership relations in agriculture, that is, a change in the social and economic aspects. In England, there is the “(First) Agricultural Revolution” of the 16th century centered on the First Enclosure, and the “(Second) Agricultural Revolution” that is part of the English Industrial Revolution centered on the Parliamentary Enclosure. The two are often called the “Agrarian Revolution” and the “Agricultural Revolution,” respectively, and are distinguished from each other. …

*Some of the glossaries that refer to the "Parliamentary Enclosure" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… 17世紀半ばの〈イギリス革命〉により,絶対王政の囲込み禁止法律は廃止されたが,それでもまだミッドランド地方や北部および南部・東部諸州には広範に開放耕地や共同放牧地,共同採草地が残っていた。それらは18世紀,とくに60年代以降に始まる〈議会エンクロージャー〉,すなわち,議会の制定法による大々的な囲込みの動きによって,ほぼ19世紀半ばごろまでに姿を消した。〈第2次エンクロージャー〉は改良農業,つまり耕地の場合は輪栽式を,牧畜の場合は大規模な放牧を行うことを目的とした。…

【農業革命】より

…技術革新を〈技術革命〉というのと同じように,農業の技術的変革を〈農業革命〉と呼ぶこともあるが,農業における生産および所有諸関係の変革,すなわち社会的・経済的な面における変革をともなう場合にのみ,それは言葉の真の意味において〈農業革命〉ということができる。 イギリスでは,第1次エンクロージャーを中心とする16世紀の〈(第1次)農業革命〉と,議会エンクロージャーを中心とするイギリス産業革命の一環をなす〈(第2次)農業革命〉とがある。両者はしばしば,それぞれ〈Agrarian Revolution〉〈Agricultural Revolution〉と呼ばれ,区別されてきた。…

※「議会エンクロージャー」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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