Wu Changshuo

Japanese: 呉昌碩 - ごしょうせき（英語表記）Wu Changshuo

[Life] Daoguang 24 (1844).8.1. Zhejiang, Anji
[Died] November 6, 1927, Shanghai
A Chinese seal carver, painter, and calligrapher active in the first half of the 20th century. His given name was Junqing, his literary name was Xiangpu, and from middle age onwards he was called Changshuo. His pen names were Canlu, Kutie, Hahe Tingcho, and Dare. Born into a family of scholars, he began writing poetry and carving seals at the age of 10. He passed the imperial examination at a young age and, while raising a family, he continued to study art and poetry in his spare time. He devoted his life to the study of seal carving, and wrote many important guides to the field. He studied seal carving under the Zhejiang and Anhui schools, and was influenced by stone carvings from the Qin and Han dynasties. His unique style, later called the "Wu style," was born from a fusion of traditional calligraphy techniques with refined artistry and strength. He first trained in regular script from the Tang dynasty, then clerical script from the Han dynasty, and later specialized in large seal script (→ seal script), including shiguwen. He began to study painting after he was 30 years old, when Ren Bo-nian encouraged him to apply calligraphy techniques to painting. He learned how to apply epigraphy to his works from Zhao Zhiqian, a master of the epigraphy school. He combined vivid colors with bold, simple brushstrokes to create a clear and direct form of expression that made traditional literati painting innovative and appropriate for the 20th century. He is particularly known for his flower paintings. In 1882, he moved with his family to Suzhou, where he studied poetry and calligraphy under the renowned calligrapher and scholar Yang Xuan. The following year, in 1883, he met Ren Bo-nian. In 1899, he was appointed magistrate of Andong County in Jiangsu Province, but resigned after only one month and chose to make a living by selling his artwork. In his mid-60s, he met Wang Yiting, an influential figure in Shanghai's political, philanthropic and artistic circles, and in 1909, together with Wang and other friends, he helped establish the first charitable arts organization, the Yuyuan Painting and Calligraphy Society. He settled in Shanghai in 1913 and was actively involved in many local arts organizations, including being recommended as the first president of the Xiling Seal Society on the 10th anniversary of its founding. Wu's art was highly regarded in Japan as well, and his works were widely collected. His works include the calligraphy and painting collections "Bitter Crushing Gold," "Canlu Close Ink," the seal collections "Cutting Gourd Seals Preserved" and "Canlu Seals Preserved," and the poetry collection "Canlu Collection." (→Chinese Art)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]道光24 (1844).8.1. 浙江，安吉
[没]1927.11.6. 上海
20世紀前半に活躍した中国の篆刻家，画家，書家。名は俊卿，字は香補，中年以降は昌碩。号は缶廬（ふろ），苦鉄，破荷亭長，大聾。学者の家系に生まれ，10歳の頃には詩作や篆刻を始めていた。若くして科挙に合格して家庭ももちながら，余暇に美術や詩の勉学に励んだ。生涯を通じて篆刻の研究に力を注ぎ，この分野の重要な手引書を多数著した。浙派と晥派（安徽派）に篆刻を学び，秦・漢代の石刻の影響を受けた。のちに「呉風」と呼ばれる独自の作風は，伝統的な書の技法と，洗練された芸術性と力強さの融合から生まれたものである。書は初めに唐代の楷書，次に漢代の隷書を修練し，のちには石鼓文をはじめとする大篆（→篆書）を得意とした。絵画を学び始めたのは 30歳を過ぎてからで，書の技法を絵画に応用することを任伯年から勧められたことが契機だった。金石派（→金石学）の巨匠，趙之謙からは金石文の書体の応用法を学んだ。鮮やかな色彩と大胆で簡明な筆致を組み合わせ，明瞭かつ直接的な表現形式を生み出して，伝統的な文人画を斬新で 20世紀にふさわしいものにした。特に花卉画（→花鳥画）で知られる。1882年に家族とともに蘇州に移り住み，著名な書家・学者の楊峴（ようけん）のもとで詩と書の研鑽を積んだ。翌 1883年に任伯年と知り合う。1899年，江蘇省安東県の県令（県の長官）につくが，わずか 1ヵ月で辞任し，作品を売って生計を立てる道を選んだ。60歳代半ばに上海の政界，慈善界，芸術界に影響力のある王一亭と出会い，1909年に王を含む友人とともに初の慈善芸術団体，豫園書画善会（よえんしょがぜんかい）の設立に携わった。1913年に上海に居を落ち着け，西泠印社（せいれいいんしゃ）の建社 10年に際して初代社長に推挙されるなど，多数の地方芸術団体に精力的に参画した。呉の芸術は日本でも高く評価され，作品が広く収集された。著作に，書画集『苦鉄砕金』，『缶廬近墨』，印譜『削觚廬印存（さくころいんそん）』，『缶廬印存』，詩集『缶廬集』などがある。（→中国美術）

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