Bernard Mandeville

Japanese: マンデビル - まんでびる(英語表記)Bernard Mandeville
Bernard Mandeville

British physician and moralist. Born in the Netherlands, he later became a naturalized British citizen. In his most famous work, The Fable of the Bees, or, The Vice of the Individual, the Benefit of Society (1714), he severely criticized the morality of his time. In other words, traditional Christian morality makes society simpler, less energetic, and less attractive. Conversely, he argued that vice rooted in individual desires is the benefit of society as a whole. This theory presented a philosophical theme of the 18th century, the secularization of morality, and influenced Hume, Adam Smith, Bentham, Voltaire, Montesquieu, and others. However, it was also strongly opposed by Berkeley and Hutcheson in his time, and this book was a constant source of debate in the 18th century. However, in explaining altruistic acts in terms of the satisfaction of the individual who performs them, he can be counted among the Moral Sense School, along with Shaftesbury and Hutcheson.

[Hidemitsu Koike July 21, 2015]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの医師、モラリスト。オランダに生まれ、のちイギリスに帰化した。彼をもっとも有名にした著書『蜂(はち)の寓話(ぐうわ)、または個人の悪徳は社会の利益』(1714)において、彼は当時の道徳を厳しく批判した。すなわち、伝統的なキリスト教的道徳は社会を単純にし、活力を失わせ、衰退させる。逆に個人の欲望に根ざす悪徳こそが社会全体の利益になると説く。この説は道徳の現世化という18世紀の思想的主題の提示であり、ヒューム、アダム・スミス、ベンサム、ボルテール、モンテスキューらに影響を及ぼした。しかし同時代においても、バークリー、ハチソンらによる激しい反論があり、この書は18世紀においてつねに論争の種になった。しかし利他的行為をそれを行う個人の心の満足から説明する点などでは、シャフツベリ伯、ハチソンなどと同じく道徳感覚学派に彼を数えることもできる。

[小池英光 2015年7月21日]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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