Marx

Japanese: マルクス

German communist thinker, the father of Marxism. Born in Trier as the son of a Jewish lawyer, he studied philosophy and history at the University of Berlin. Influenced by Hegel and LA Feuerbach, he formed his ideas as a member of the Hegelian left (Hegelian school). In 1841, he received a degree in philosophy from the University of Jena for his work on "The Differences between the Natural Philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus." In 1842, he became editor-in-chief of the radical bourgeois newspaper "Rheinische Zeitung" and wrote prolifically on socio-economic and ethnic issues, but after the newspaper was suppressed, he moved to Paris in 1843. During this time, he wrote "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts," which form the basis of his ideas. In 1845, he moved to Belgium and began working in a revolutionary organization aiming for communism. Together with his lifelong comrade Engels, he wrote the unfinished labor of love "The German Ideology" over the next year, establishing a materialist view of history, and in 1847 he presented his own economic theory in "The Poverty of Philosophy." In the same year, he founded the Communist League, and in the following year, 1848, published the Communist Manifesto as its platform. After the March Revolution of 1848, he returned to Germany, founded the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, and joined the revolutionary struggle, but after the movement was defeated, he fled to London in 1849, where he lived permanently. He published The Class Struggle in France, which analyzed the 1848 revolution, and The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, which denounced the Napoleon coup of 1851. At the same time, he studied economics energetically, and in 1859 published Critique of Political Economy, laying the foundations of Marxist economics. When the First International was formed in 1864, he became its de facto leader along with Engels, and was in conflict with trade unionists and anarchists. In 1867, he published Das Kapital (vol. 1), which analyzed the economic laws of capitalist society. After the Paris Commune was established in 1871, he wrote "The Civil War in France," a book denouncing French reaction. He then devoted himself to writing "Das Kapital," and fell ill while preparing the next volume. The second and third volumes were published under the editorship of Engels, and the sequel was published by Kautsky as "The History of the Theory of Surplus Value." He also co-authored many works with Engels, including the Collected Works of Marx and Engels. His ideas are backed by deep philosophy and meticulous research into economics, and his influence on later generations as the founder of communist theory based on dialectics and historical materialism is immeasurable, but there are many misunderstandings and misinterpretations due to dogmatic Marxism, and there is a need for further reevaluation and continuity. →Marxism / Communism / Socialism →Related topicsIdeology | Eberland | Class struggle | Surplus population | Money commodity theory | Giddens | Impoverishment theory | Community | External economic coercion | Phenomenological sociology | Gotha Program | Reproduction | Industrial structure | Population theory | Production prices | Cost of production theory | Say's law | General technical education | Alienation | Imperialism | Heine | Bakunin | Paris Commune | Fetishism | Proletarian revolution | Proletariat | Institute of Marxism-Leninism | Mills | Lassalle | Lafargue | Lumpenproletariat | Regulation | Labor theory of value

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

ドイツの共産主義思想家，いわゆるマルクス主義の祖。ユダヤ人弁護士の子としてトリールに生まれ，ベルリン大学で哲学・歴史等を学ぶ。ヘーゲル，L.A.フォイエルバハの影響を受け，ヘーゲル左派（ヘーゲル学派）の一員として思想形成する。1841年イェーナ大学で《デモクリトスとエピクロスとの自然哲学の差異》により哲学の学位。1842年急進的ブルジョア新聞《ライン新聞》主筆となり，社会経済問題や民族問題に健筆をふるうが，同紙弾圧後の1843年パリに移住。この間，その思想の根幹をなす《経済学・哲学手稿》を書く。1845年ベルギーに移り共産主義を目指す革命組織活動を開始し，終生の同志エンゲルスとともに翌年にかけて未完の労作《ドイツ・イデオロギー》を執筆して唯物史観を確立，さらに1847年刊の《哲学の貧困》で独自の経済学説を提示した。同年共産主義者同盟を設立し，翌1848年にその綱領として《共産党宣言》を公表。1848年三月革命後のドイツに帰国，《新ライン新聞》を創刊して革命闘争に加わるが，運動敗北後，1849年ロンドンに亡命，以後同地に永住。1848年の革命を分析した《フランスの階級闘争》，1851年のナポレオン・クーデタを糾弾した《ルイ・ボナパルトのブリュメール18日》を発表，同時に精力的に経済学を研究して，1859年《経済学批判》を公刊，マルクス経済学の基礎をすえた。1864年第一インターナショナルの結成に際して，エンゲルスとともにその実質的指導者となり，労働組合主義者や無政府主義者と対立した。1867年資本主義社会の経済法則を分析した《資本論》（第１巻）を刊行。1871年パリ・コミューンが成立するとフランス反動弾劾の書《フランスの内乱》を執筆する。その後《資本論》執筆に没頭，続刊を準備しながら病に倒れた。２，３巻はエンゲルスの編集で刊行，その続きはカウツキーの手で《剰余価値学説史》として刊行された。エンゲルスとの共同執筆も多く，《マルクス=エンゲルス全集》がある。その思想は深い哲学と経済学の緻密な研究に裏付けられており，弁証法的・史的唯物論に立つ共産主義理論の確立者として後世に与えた影響は計り知れないが，教条的マルクス主義による誤解・曲解も少なくなく，さらなる再評価と継承が求められている。→マルクス主義／共産主義／社会主義
→関連項目イデオロギー｜エーベルラン｜階級闘争｜過剰人口｜貨幣商品説｜ギデンス｜窮乏化説｜共同体｜経済外的強制｜現象学的社会学｜ゴータ綱領｜再生産｜産業構造｜人口論｜生産価格｜生産費説｜セーの法則｜総合技術教育｜疎外｜帝国主義｜ハイネ｜バクーニン｜パリ・コミューン｜フェティシズム｜プロレタリア革命｜プロレタリアート｜マルクス=レーニン主義研究所｜ミルズ｜ラサール｜ラファルグ｜ルンペンプロレタリアート｜レギュラシオン｜労働価値説

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