Commercial bank - shogyōginko (English spelling) commercial bank

Japanese: 商業銀行 - しょうぎょうぎんこう(英語表記)commercial bank
Commercial bank - shogyōginko (English spelling) commercial bank

A bank that collects short-term deposits and manages the funds for short-term use, such as by discounting bills. It is a financial institution that developed in the UK from the 18th century onwards, and is often contrasted with universal banks, which also handle long-term finance and securities. Commercial banks typically handle demand deposits (currency deposits), and can be said to be deposit money suppliers. In addition to demand deposits and settlement deposits, UK commercial banks also handle deposit accounts, which are held for seven days and can be withdrawn by prior notice. Since deposits are highly liquid, it is considered desirable to focus on liquid assets such as bill discounting when managing them. Bill discounting is a sound method of managing funds, in which funds are automatically returned to the bank when the bills mature, and it can be said to have self-liquidity. Therefore, if a bank collects highly liquid deposits and manages them based on its own liquidity, it is an indication of the soundness of the bank, and this way of thinking is called commercial banking. Although Japanese ordinary banks are deposit banks, they have a high ratio of time deposits and also provide long-term financing, so they cannot be considered commercial banks in the strict sense.

[Hara Shiro]

[Reference item] | Bank | Ordinary bank

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

短期の預金を集め、その資金を手形割引など短期に運用する銀行。イギリスで18世紀以降発達をみた金融機関で、長期金融や証券業務を兼営するユニバーサル・バンクとしばしば対比される。商業銀行は、典型的には、預金のなかでも要求払預金(通貨性預金)の取扱いを中心とするところから、預金通貨の供給機関であるともいえる。イギリスの商業銀行は要求払預金ないしは決済性預金のほか預金勘定deposit account業務をも行っているが、これは7日間据え置き、以後前日の解約予告で払い戻すことができる。預金がこのように流動性の高いものであることから、その運用についても手形割引のような流動資産を中心に据えることが望ましいとされる。手形割引は、商業手形を銀行券や預金通貨に手数料をとって変えるものであることから、手形の期日が到来すれば自動的に銀行に資金が還流してくる健全な資金運用方法であり、自己流動性をもっているといえる。したがって銀行が流動性の高い預金を集めて、これを自己流動性に基づいて運用することは銀行の健全性を示すこととなり、このような考え方を商業銀行主義とよんでいる。なお、日本の普通銀行は、預金銀行ではあるが、定期預金の比率が高く、長期金融も行う兼営の形をとっており、厳密な意味での商業銀行とはいえない。

[原 司郎]

[参照項目] | 銀行 | 普通銀行

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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