A US mission to explore Venus and Mars from the 1960s to the early 1970s. Ten Mariner probes, numbered Mariner 1 through 10, were launched. Mariner 1, 2, 5, and 10 were intended to explore Venus, while Mariner 10 also explored Mercury. The remaining probes, Mariner 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9, were intended to explore Mars. During the same period, the Soviet Union launched more than twice as many Venus and Mars probes as the US, and many of them were successful, including the landing of Venera 7 to 14 on Venus, but most of their attempts on Mars were unsuccessful. Venus No. 1 was launched in July 1962, but went off course and was destroyed by command. Venus No. 2 was launched one month later and successfully passed close to 34,800 km from Venus, measuring the atmospheric pressure and surface temperature, and for the first time revealing the absence of a magnetic field or radiation belt. Venus No. 5, launched in June 1967, passed even closer, at 4,000 km, and revealed that the atmosphere is mostly composed of carbon dioxide. Venus No. 10, launched in November 1973, made the first television observations of Venus, transmitting video footage of the currents and disturbances in the upper atmosphere. Venus No. 10 then used the gravitational field of Venus to bend its orbit toward the Sun, and on March 29, 1974, passed within 690 km of Mercury. After this, it made two more passes close to Mercury, six months apart, and for the first time succeeded in observing the craters, atmosphere, and surface temperature on the surface. Mariner 3, a Mars probe, was launched in November 1964 but failed. Mariner 4 was launched the same month and successfully passed within 9,600 km of Mars, observing surface craters, the composition and pressure of the atmosphere, and finding that there was no magnetic field or radioactive belt. Mariner 6 and 7 were launched in February and March 1969, respectively, and both successfully passed within 3,300 km of Mars, sending back a large amount of image data. Mariner 8 failed, but Mariner 9 was launched in May 1971 and became a Mars probe, sending back over 7,000 photographs of Mars and its moons. It was the first probe to enter orbit around a planet other than Earth. [Hajime Koshiishi and Tsutomu Iwata] [References] | | |Mariner 2 was America's first successfully operated planetary probe. It was launched on August 27, 1962. It was 3.66m long and weighed 202.8kg. It approached Venus and made successful observations of the atmosphere and surface temperature. ©NASA/JPL "> Planetary probe "Mariner" (conceptual drawing) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1960年代から1970年代初頭にかけて、アメリカが行った金星と火星の探査計画。打ち上げられたマリナーMariner探査機は1号から10号まで10機ある。このうち1号、2号、5号、および10号は金星探査を目的とし、10号は水星の探査をも行った。他の3号、4号、6号、7号、8号、9号はいずれも火星探査を目的とした。なお、同時代に、ソ連はアメリカの倍以上の数の金星探査機および火星探査機を打ち上げ、金星ではベネラ7~14号の着陸など多くが成功したが、火星ではほとんど失敗した。 1号は1962年7月に打ち上げられたが、コースを外れ、指令により破壊された。2号は1か月後に打ち上げられ、金星から3万4800キロメートルの近傍通過に成功し、その大気圧、地表温度を測定し、磁場や放射線帯のないことを初めて明らかにした。1967年6月に打ち上げられた5号は、さらに近傍の4000キロメートルのところを通過し、大気がほとんど炭酸ガスからなることなどを明らかにした。1973年11月に打ち上げられた10号は金星のテレビ観測を初めて行い、金星上層大気の流れや擾乱(じょうらん)の動画を送信してきた。このあと10号は、金星の重力場を利用して軌道を太陽の方向に曲げ、1974年3月29日、水星から690キロメートルのところを通過した。こののち、さらに6か月置きに2回、水星の近傍通過を行い、表面のクレーター、大気、表面温度の観測などに初めて成功した。 火星探査のマリナー3号は1964年11月に打ち上げられたが失敗し、同じ月に4号が打ち上げられ、火星から9600キロメートルの近傍通過に成功し、表面のクレーター、大気の成分と圧力などを観測し、磁場も放射能帯もないことを明らかにした。6号、7号は1969年2月と3月に打ち上げられ、いずれも火星から3千数百キロメートルの近傍通過に成功、多くの画像データを送ってきた。8号は失敗したが、9号は1971年5月に打ち上げられ、火星を回る探査機となり、火星とその衛星の7000枚にのぼる写真を送ってきた。これは地球以外の惑星の周りを回る軌道に入った最初の探査機である。 [輿石 肇・岩田 勉] [参照項目] | | |アメリカが初めて運用に成功した惑星探査機「マリナー2号」。1962年8月27日に打ち上げられた。全長3.66m、総重量202.8kg。金星に接近し、大気や地表温度などの観測に成果をあげた©NASA/JPL"> 惑星探査機「マリナー」(イメージ図) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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