A general term for journalists and writers who tried to bring about social reform through writing in the early 20th century in America. Muckrakers means "scandal exposers." The beginning of scandal exposure was an article by L. Stephens, R. Baker, I. Tarbell, and others published in McClure's Magazine in January 1903, in which they sharply criticized local city governments, labor issues, and trust issues. In 1906, President T. Roosevelt borrowed a phrase from J. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress to criticize them for only "muckraking" the filth of society, and so they came to be called muckrakers. Many "muckrakers" called for social reform, such as E. Markham's Children in Bondage (1906), which denounced the working conditions of boys, and U. Sinclair's novel The Jungle (06), which described the miserable lives of Chicago workers and the unsanitary conditions in meatpacking plants, but the movement declined around 1910-1912. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
20世紀初めのアメリカで文筆によって社会改革に取組もうとしたジャーナリストや作家たちの総称。マックレーカーズとは「醜聞暴露者たち」の意。醜聞暴露の始りは,1903年1月『マックルールズ・マガジン』 McClure's Magazineに掲載された L.ステファンズ,R.ベーカー,I.ターベルらの論文で,彼らは各地の市政,労働問題,トラスト問題を鋭く批判した。 06年大統領 T.ルーズベルトが J.バニヤンの『天路歴程』から言葉を借りて,彼らを社会の汚物を「かき集める」 muckrakeことばかりにふけっていると非難したことからマックレーカーズと呼ばれるようになった。 E.マーカムの『奴隷状態下の少年』 Children in Bondage (1906) は,少年の労働状況を告発し,U.シンクレアは小説『ジャングル』 The Jungle (06) でシカゴ労働者の悲惨な生活と食肉工場の非衛生を描くなど,多くの「マックレーカーズ」によって社会改革の必要が叫ばれたが,10~12年頃運動は衰退した。
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