Research and development - Kenkyuukaihatsu (English spelling) research and development
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It is also called R&D. There are two types of research: research for academic advancement and research for the achievement of corporate, military, or administrative purposes. R&D refers to the latter, specifically research for corporate purposes. Research objectives include the development and improvement of new products or new manufacturing methods, and research for technical assistance in manufacturing and sales. Research is divided into three stages: basic research, exploratory research, and applied research. Development is the actual creation of prototypes of products and manufacturing methods that meet the company's objectives, and mass production design, prototyping, and combination of existing and developed products are required to commercialize these. In companies, development involves improving current products, independently developing new products, introducing new products by introducing technology, and redeveloping existing products. As it has become necessary to develop new products and new technologies in-house to compete, the importance of R&D, especially research, is increasing in Japanese companies. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
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R＆Dとも呼ばれる。研究は，学問の進歩のための研究と企業，軍事，行政などの目的達成のための研究があるが，研究開発の場合は後者の特に企業目的のための研究をさす。研究の目的には，新製品または新しい製造方法の開発，改良のための研究，製造や販売への技術的援助のための研究などがある。研究の段階は，基礎研究，探索研究，応用研究の3段階に区分される。開発は企業目的にそった製品や製造方法のプロトタイプを実際につくりだすことであり，これが製品化されるには量産設計，試作，既存製品と開発製品の組合せなどが必要である。企業では開発は，現製品の改良，新製品の独自開発，技術導入などによる新製品の導入，既存製品の再開発などを行う。新製品や新技術を自社開発することが競争上必要になってきていることに伴い，日本企業における研究開発，特に研究の重要性が高まっている。
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