When two or more people gather together with the intention of jointly harming the life, body, or property of others, it is a crime to prepare a deadly weapon or to assemble with the knowledge that such preparations are being made (Article 208-3, Paragraph 1 of the Penal Code). In this case, the act of preparing a deadly weapon or assembling people with the knowledge that such preparations are being made is considered a crime of assembling with a deadly weapon (Article 208-3, Paragraph 2 of the Penal Code). Article 208-3 of the Penal Code was newly established in 1958 (Showa 33) through partial amendment of the Penal Code as part of measures against crimes committed by organized crime groups, along with the crime of witness intimidation (Article 105-2 of the Penal Code). Since then, however, it has frequently been used against collective activities by organized crime groups as well as so-called extremist groups. This crime punishes the gathering and assembly of people at the preparatory stage in order to prevent collective harm to the lives, bodies, or property of others. Therefore, in terms of the intent of the legislation, this crime belongs to the category of crimes against personal legal interests. However, some academic theories and legal precedents take the view that it is a crime against social legal interests, since it includes the danger (public danger) to unspecified or large numbers of lives, bodies, and property caused by collective harm, and in this respect it causes social anxiety. From this standpoint, this crime is essentially close to the crime of riot (Article 106 of the Penal Code), and in reality functions as a "minor riot crime" or a "preparatory crime for riot." Therefore, in order to avoid the abuse of this crime, there is a dispute over the meaning of the word "weapon." In the prevailing theory and precedents, it is understood that "weapons in legal usage" that can be used to kill or injure someone are also included in the weapons of this crime, so for example, flagpoles, placards, and hand towels that are commonly used in general public activities would also be considered weapons of this crime. In order to avoid this inconvenience, the weapons of this crime should be limited to those that, judging from their appearance, can immediately kill or injure someone, and if a flagpole or other such object is actually used to kill or injure someone, it is considered sufficient to punish the person for the crime of murder, injury, or assault. [Tetsuro Nawa] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
2人以上の者が、他人の生命、身体または財産に対し共同して害を加える目的で集合した場合において、凶器を準備し、またはその準備があることを知って集合する罪(刑法208条の3第1項)。なおこの場合に、凶器を準備し、またはその準備があることを知って人を集合させる行為は凶器準備結集罪にあたる(刑法208条の3第2項)。 刑法208条の3は、1958年(昭和33)の刑法一部改正によって、暴力団の犯罪対策の一環として証人威迫罪(刑法105条の2)とともに新設されたが、その後、暴力団のほか、いわゆる過激派集団による集団的活動に対してしばしば用いられてきた。 本罪は、他人の生命・身体・財産に対する集団的加害を事前に防止するため、その予備的段階にある集合および結集を処罰するものである。したがって、立法の趣旨からすれば、本罪は個人法益に対する罪に属する。しかし、学説の一部や判例には、集団的加害による不特定または多数の生命・身体・財産に対する危険(公共の危険)を含み、この点での社会的不安を与えるとの理由から、社会法益に対する罪と解する見解がみられる。このような立場からは、本罪は騒乱罪(刑法106条)に実質的に近くなり、「小型騒乱罪」または「騒乱予備罪」としての機能を現実に営むことになる。 そこで、本罪の濫用を避けるために、とくに凶器の意義につき争いがある。通説・判例では、用法によって人の殺傷に利用しうる「用法上の凶器」も本罪の凶器に含まれると解されているから、たとえば一般の大衆行動で通常用いられる旗竿(はたざお)、プラカード、手拭(てぬぐい)といったものまで本罪の凶器にあたることになる。この不都合を避けるために、本罪の凶器とは、それ自体の外観からみてただちに他人を殺傷しうる物に限定すべきであり、旗竿等が現に人の殺傷に用いられた場合には、殺人、傷害、暴行の罪で処罰すれば足りると考えられる。 [名和鐵郎] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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