A general term for large blood-sucking ticks in the Arthropoda phylum, Arachnida, Acarina order, and Ixodidae suborder. The Ixodidae suborder consists of the Ixodidae family, the Argasidae family, and one special family found in Africa, but since Argasidae ticks are rarely seen in Japan, the term often refers only to the Ixodidae family (in this case, the English name is hard tick). Ixodidae ticks have a spiracles behind the fourth leg, and the posterior edge behind that forms a border called a floret with 12 shallow notches, but some genera lack this. Body length is 2 to 7 millimeters. Most are brown in color, with mouthparts and palps at the front end of the body. A saw-shaped mouthpiece protrudes from the center of the mouthparts, ensuring long-term blood-sucking. There are four pairs of legs located on the front half of the ventral surface of the body. There are three developmental stages: egg, larva (three pairs of legs), nymph, and adult (four pairs of legs each). At each stage except for the egg, they attach to the host once and suck blood, then drop to the ground and molt when they are full. In the Bovine tick genus, they stay on the host's body and molt from larva to adult. Once an adult female bites, she will continue to suck blood for over a week, and in some cases even over a month, and until she is full, she is not easy to remove; if pulled out forcefully, it will break off and part of the mouthparts will remain in the skin. When females are full, they swell significantly, becoming the size of a coffee bean, but males do not grow larger because their backs are covered by a hard dorsal plate. When full, the adult female lays hundreds or thousands of eggs on the ground and then dies. Most of the ticks in Japan belong to the genera Ixodes and Haemaphysalis , but if we add a few species belonging to four genera, Amblyomma , Boophilus , Dermacentor , and Rhipicephalus , there are about 40 species in total. Not only do they cause anemia and dermatitis by sucking blood, but they also transmit various pathogens, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, viral encephalitis in the Far East, the former Soviet Union, and piroplasmosis in livestock. In Japan, the flava and Ixodes ovatus ticks in the Tohoku region are sometimes contaminated with the tularemia bacterium, so care must be taken. There are 11 species of ticks known to bite humans in Japan, including Ixodes ovatus, Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes nipponensis, and Amblyomma testicularis. [Noboru Yamaguchi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
節足動物門クモ形綱ダニ目マダニ亜目に含まれる大形吸血性ダニの総称。マダニ亜目は、マダニ科Ixodidaeとヒメダニ科Argasidaeおよびアフリカ産の特殊な1科で構成されるが、日本ではヒメダニ科のダニをみることが少ないので、マダニ科のみをさすことが多い(この場合の英名はhard tick)。マダニ科のものは気門が第4脚後方にあり、それより後ろの後側縁は、12本の浅い切れ込みによって花彩とよばれる縁どりを形成するが、属によってはこれを欠く。体長2~7ミリメートル。褐色を基調としたものが多く、体前端に口器と触肢をもつ。鋸(のこぎり)状の口下片が口器中央に突出し、長期間にわたる吸血を確保する構造となっている。脚(あし)は4対で体腹面の前半にある。卵、幼虫(脚は3対)、若虫、成虫(脚はともに4対)の発育期があり、卵以外の各期に一度ずつ宿主に取りついて吸血し、満腹すると地上に落ちて脱皮する。ウシマダニ属では幼虫から成虫まで宿主体上にとまって脱皮する。雌成虫は一度咬着(こうちゃく)すると1週間以上、あるものは1か月以上も吸血を続け、満腹するまでは容易にとれず、無理に引き抜くとちぎれて口器の一部が皮膚に残る。雌は満腹すると著しく膨大し、コーヒー豆大になるが、雄は背面を硬い背甲板で覆われるため、大きくならない。満腹した雌成虫は数百ないし数千個の卵塊を地上に産んで死ぬ。日本の種類はほとんどマダニ属Ixodesとチマダニ属Haemaphysalisに属するが、キララマダニ属Amblyomma、ウシマダニ属Boophilus、カクマダニ属Dermacentor、コイタマダニ属Rhipicephalusの4属に属する若干種を加えると、約40種が生息している。吸血によって貧血や皮膚炎をおこすのみか、アメリカではロッキー山紅斑(こうはん)熱、極東、旧ソ連諸国および各地でウイルス性脳炎や、家畜のピロプラズマ症など各種の病原体を媒介する。日本では東北地方のキチマダニとヤマトマダニが野兎(やと)病菌に汚染されていることがあり、注意を要する。日本種でヒトを刺すものには、ヤマトマダニ、シュルツェマダニ、タネガタマダニ、タカサゴキララマダニなど11種が知られている。 [山口 昇] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Matadi - Matadi (English spelling)
〘Noun〙① To come again. ② In Christianity, the reap...
It usually refers to the power to perform certain ...
The revolution that marked the climax of the Russi...
King of England from 1216 to 1272. Son of John (La...
In a broad sense, it generally refers to a cracki...
...Similar contracts existed in China, but they d...
…Genetic Algorithms (GA) are algorithms inspired ...
The amount of a communication line (facility) occu...
1892‐1972 Philippine painter. Born in Paco, Manila...
The ability to separate and distinguish two point...
A grain god who appears in the Nihon Shoki. "...
...It shoots up in April and May and blooms with ...
A leading French abnormal psychologist. Born in P...
…Izumi means rice cake. In Akita it is called Izu...
...Similar things are called longyi in Myanmar an...