Mycoplasma pneumonia

Japanese: マイコプラズマ肺炎
Mycoplasma pneumonia
What kind of disease is it?

●Main symptoms and progression Pneumonia caused by a microorganism called Mycoplasma. This disease often develops suddenly with a fever, and about 60% of people develop a fever of 38 degrees or higher. The rest of the people develop a slight fever and a persistent dry cough. The incubation period is 10 to 14 days.
After the onset of the disease, a persistent cough that intensifies at night continues for a long period of time. The phlegm is sticky and contains pus (mucus or mucopurulent), and 20 to 30 percent of patients experience sore throat, runny nose, and nasal congestion. In addition, the disease often becomes prevalent in limited areas, with epidemics recurring every 4 to 5 years.
Because the symptoms are relatively severe, it is common for patients to visit an internal medicine doctor, and it is unlikely for the condition to heal naturally.
In children, it is necessary to be careful of complications such as otitis media, rash, and encephalitis. In general adults, complications such as hemolytic anemia, meningitis, central nervous system disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, rash, liver dysfunction, tympanitis, and myocarditis are observed.

● Causes of disease and how symptoms develop Mycoplasma is the smallest of all microorganisms capable of self-replication and does not have a cell wall. When infected with this bacterium, infiltration of mononuclear cells is seen from the bronchioles to the alveoli, mainly causing interstitial pneumonia.

●Characteristics of the disease Since it is a bacterial infection transmitted through droplets, it often spreads in daycare centers, kindergartens and schools, and most often occurs in people aged 5 to 30.


EBM checks on common treatments and care

[Treatment and care] Symptomatic treatment includes cough suppressants, inhaled medications, expectorants, and antipyretics. [Rating] ☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] In terms of symptomatic treatment, effective treatments (such as the use of antipyretics and analgesics) have been confirmed through clinical studies. Many of these are based on long-standing observational studies. (1)(2)

[Treatment and care] Use of adrenal cortical steroids [Rating] ☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Corticosteroids are effective in cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (a disease in which the lungs suddenly become inflamed and damages lung tissue, accompanied by hyperventilation and difficulty breathing) or when meningitis occurs at the same time. This has been confirmed by clinical studies. (3)

[Treatment and care] Antibiotic treatment involves the use of macrolide or tetracycline antibiotics. [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] The effectiveness of antibiotics against Mycoplasma pneumonia has been confirmed by highly reliable clinical studies. Based on the guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia (pneumonia that does not develop during hospitalization), the use of these antibiotics is recommended especially in outpatient settings. (4)(5)


Checking commonly used drugs with EBM

Antibacterial drug therapy [Drug name] Zithromax (azithromycin hydrate) (4)(5)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Claricid/Clarith (clarithromycin) (4)(5)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Rulid (roxithromycin) (4)(5)
[Rating] ☆☆☆
[Drug name] Minocycline (minocycline hydrochloride) (4)(5)
[Rating] ☆☆☆
[Drug name] Cravit (levofloxacin hydrate) (6)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆

[Evaluation Points] The effectiveness of macrolide antibiotics azithromycin hydrate and clarithromycin against Mycoplasma pneumonia has been confirmed by highly reliable clinical studies. The effectiveness of roxithromycin and minocycline hydrochloride has also been confirmed by clinical studies. In addition, the effectiveness of levofloxacin hydrate, a new quinolone antibiotic, has also been confirmed by highly reliable studies.

Injectable medication when oral administration is not possible [Drug name] Erythrosin (erythromycin) (4)(5)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Minocycline (minocycline hydrochloride) (4)(5)
[Rating] ☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has been confirmed to be effective against Mycoplasma pneumonia through highly reliable clinical studies. Minocycline hydrochloride has also been clinically studied and its effectiveness has been confirmed.


Overall, the most reliable treatment currently available is macrolide antibiotics. Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma causes severe symptoms such as fever and persistent cough, so it is best to see a doctor as soon as possible.
If pneumonia is diagnosed as being caused by Mycoplasma, it can almost certainly be cured with macrolide or tetracycline antibiotics.
However, if you continue to use other types of antibiotics without suspecting that the pneumonia may be caused by Mycoplasma, the recovery may be significantly delayed.
In recent years, pneumonia caused by mycoplasma resistant to macrolide antibiotics has become a problem, especially in the pediatric field. However, since infection with macrolide antibiotic-resistant mycoplasma in adults is said to be rare, macrolide antibiotics and tetracycline antibiotics are the first choice.

Symptomatic treatment as needed For fever, cough, and phlegm associated with pneumonia, antipyretics, inhaled medications, cough suppressants, expectorants, etc. are used symptomatically as needed. Many of these symptomatic treatments have been confirmed to be effective through long-standing observational studies.

Mycoplasma pneumonia is often spread in certain areas, especially in daycare centers, kindergartens, and schools. Therefore, infection within a family usually begins with a child.
When it is known that an outbreak is occurring, it is important to prevent infection by gargling and washing your hands frequently. Wearing a mask also helps to prevent infection. Children often develop complications such as otitis media, rashes, and encephalitis, so if you experience any symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.

(1) Mok JY, Inglis JM, Simpson H. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A retrospective review of 103 hospitalized children. ActaPaediatr Scand. 1979;68:833-839.
(2)Trochtenberg S. Nebulized lidocaine in the treatment of refractory cough. Chest. 1994;105:1592-1593.
(3)Martin RE, Bates JH. Atypical pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1991;5:585-601.
(4)Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:347-382.
(5)Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2001;163:1730-1754.
(6)File TM Jr, Segreti J, Dunbar L, Player R, et al. A multicenter, randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of intravenous and/or oral levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone and/or cefuroxime axetil in treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:1965.

Source: "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" Information about the book "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment"

Japanese:
どんな病気でしょうか?

●おもな症状と経過
 マイコプラズマという微生物によっておこる肺炎です。この病気は、発熱を伴って急激に発病することが多く、6割ほどの人で発熱は38度以上になります。それ以外の人は微熱としつこい空(から)せきで発病します。潜伏期間は10~14日間です。
 発病後は夜間に激しくなる頑固(がんこ)なせきが長期にわたって続きます。痰(たん)はねばりがあり、膿(うみ)が混じっているようなもの(粘液性あるいは粘膿性(ねんのうせい))で、のどの痛みや鼻水や鼻づまりが20~30パーセントに認められます。また、ある限られた地域のなかで流行することが多く、流行は4~5年の間隔でくり返されます。
 比較的症状が強いため、内科を受診するのが一般的で、自然に治ることはまずありません。
 子どもでは中耳炎(ちゅうじえん)、発疹(ほっしん)、脳炎の合併に注意が必要です。一般成人では、溶血性貧血(ようけつせいひんけつ)、髄膜炎(ずいまくえん)、ギランバレー症候群などの中枢神経障害(ちゅうすうしんけいしょうがい)、発疹、肝機能障害、鼓膜炎(こまくえん)、心筋炎(しんきんえん)などの合併症が認められます。

●病気の原因や症状がおこってくるしくみ
 マイコプラズマは、自己増殖能力のある微生物のなかではもっとも小さなもので、細胞壁をもたない生物です。この菌に感染すると細気管支(さいきかんし)から肺胞(はいほう)にかけて単核球(たんかくきゅう)の浸潤(しんじゅん)がみられ、主として間質性肺炎(かんしつせいはいえん)が生じます。

●病気の特徴
 飛沫感染(ひまつかんせん)による細菌感染症なので、保育園・幼稚園や学校で流行することが多く、5~30歳に多く発症します。


よく行われている治療とケアをEBMでチェック

[治療とケア]対症療法として、鎮咳薬(ちんがいやく)、吸入薬、去痰薬(きょたんやく)、解熱薬などを用いる
[評価]☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 対症療法という観点では、臨床研究によって効果のある治療法(たとえば解熱鎮痛薬の使用など)が確認されています。それらの多くは、古くからの観察研究によるものです。(1)(2)

[治療とケア]副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)ステロイド薬(やく)を用いる
[評価]☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 急性呼吸促迫症候群(きゅうせいこきゅうそくはくしょうこうぐん)(肺が急激に炎症をおこし、肺の組織が傷つく病気で、過呼吸や呼吸困難を伴う)のような症状や髄膜炎を併発する場合には、副腎皮質ステロイド薬が有効です。これは、臨床研究によって確認されています。(3)

[治療とケア]抗菌薬治療としてはマクロライド系かテトラサイクリン系の抗菌薬を用いる
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] マイコプラズマ肺炎に対する抗菌薬の効果は、非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって確認されています。市中肺炎(病院に入院しているときに発病したものでない肺炎)のガイドラインから考えると、これらの抗菌薬の使用はとくに外来治療の場において推奨されています。(4)(5)


よく使われている薬をEBMでチェック

抗菌薬による薬物療法
[薬名]ジスロマック(アジスロマイシン水和物)(4)(5)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[薬名]クラリシッド/クラリス(クラリスロマイシン)(4)(5)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[薬名]ルリッド(ロキシスロマイシン)(4)(5)
[評価]☆☆☆
[薬名]ミノマイシン(ミノサイクリン塩酸塩)(4)(5)
[評価]☆☆☆
[薬名]クラビット(レボフロキサシン水和物)(6)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆

[評価のポイント] マクロライド系抗菌薬のアジスロマイシン水和物、クラリスロマイシンについては非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって、マイコプラズマ肺炎に対しての効果が確認されています。ロキシスロマイシン、ミノサイクリン塩酸塩についても臨床研究によって効果が確認されています。また、ニューキノロン系抗菌薬のレボフロキサシン水和物の効果についても、非常に信頼性の高い研究によって確認されています。

内服ができない場合の注射薬
[薬名]エリスロシン(エリスロマイシン)(4)(5)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[薬名]ミノマイシン(ミノサイクリン塩酸塩)(4)(5)
[評価]☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] マクロライド系抗菌薬であるエリスロマイシンは、非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって、マイコプラズマ肺炎に対する効果が確認されています。ミノサイクリン塩酸塩についても臨床研究があり、効果が確認されています。


総合的に見て現在もっとも確かな治療法
マクロライド系抗菌薬が有効
 マイコプラズマが原因となっておこる肺炎は、発熱や頑固なせきなどの症状が強く現れるため、医師の診察を早めに受けるといいでしょう。
 肺炎のなかでもマイコプラズマによるものとの診断がつけば、マクロライド系あるいはテトラサイクリン系の抗菌薬によって、ほぼ確実に治るものと考えられています。
 ただし、マイコプラズマによる肺炎かもしれないという疑いをもたないでほかの種類の抗菌薬を使い続けると、治癒(ちゆ)がかなり遅れることもあります。
 なお、近年マクロライド系抗菌薬に耐性のあるマイコプラズマによる肺炎がとくに小児科領域において問題となることがあります。ただし、大人へのマクロライド系抗菌薬耐性マイコプラズマの感染はまれといわれるため、マクロライド系抗菌薬、テトラサイクリン系抗菌薬が第一選択といえます。

必要に応じて対症療法を
 肺炎に伴う発熱、せき、痰には、それぞれ解熱薬、吸入薬、鎮咳薬、去痰薬などを必要に応じて対症的に用います。これらの対症療法の多くは、古くからの観察研究によって効果のあることが確認されています。

子どもから感染することが多い
 マイコプラズマ肺炎はある特定の地域で流行することが多く、とくに保育園・幼稚園や学校などで流行することが多い病気です。したがって、家族内の感染は子どもから始まるのが一般的です。
 流行していることがわかっているときは、うがい、手洗いなどをよくするようにして感染を予防すべきでしょう。マスクの着用も予防に役立ちます。また、子どもでは中耳炎、発疹、脳炎などの合併症をしばしばおこすこともあるので、症状がみられたときはすぐに医療機関で診察を受けましょう。

(1)Mok JY, Inglis JM, Simpson H. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A retrospective review of 103 hospitalised children. ActaPaediatr Scand. 1979;68:833-839.
(2)Trochtenberg S. Nebulized lidocaine in the treatment of refractory cough. Chest. 1994;105:1592-1593.
(3)Martin RE, Bates JH. Atypical pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1991;5:585-601.
(4)Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:347-382.
(5)Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2001;163:1730-1754.
(6)File TM Jr, Segreti J, Dunbar L, Player R, et al. A multicenter, randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of intravenous and/or oral levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone and/or cefuroxime axetil in treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:1965.

出典 法研「EBM 正しい治療がわかる本」EBM 正しい治療がわかる本について 情報

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