Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma

Japanese: マイコプラズマ - まいこぷらずま(英語表記)mycoplasma
Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma

In a broad sense, it refers to bacteria in the order Mycoplasmatales, and in a narrow sense, it refers to bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma . Because they are pleomorphic and small, there has been some debate about their taxonomic position, but they are classified as bacteria because they have a clear cell structure and contain both DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the same cell.

The order Mycoplasmales refers to the following six genera:

(1) Spiroplasma: 11 species. Their habitats (including pathogenicity; same below) are mainly citrus fruits, corn, radish, broad beans, and wasabi.

(2) Five species of Ureaplasma , which live in the mouth, respiratory tract, and urethra of humans and other mammals.

(3) Mycoplasma: 92 species. They live in the respiratory tract, nervous tissue, joints, and vagina of humans, cows, pigs, chickens, rats, and mice. Some species also live in plants and insects.

(4) Acholeplasma : 12 species. They live on plants and insects.

(5) Anaeroplasma : 4 species that live in the rumen (the ruminant stomach) of cattle and sheep.

(6) Asteroplasma, 1 species. Its habitat is sewage and dust.

The Mycoplasmales are characterized by their gram-negative nature, lacking a cell wall but being surrounded by two layers of cell membrane. Their small, pleomorphic, branched, filamentous cells form a spiral shape. They are not usually motile but may exhibit gliding motility. There are four microaerophilic (facultative anaerobic) genera and two anaerobic genera. There are four steroid-requiring genera and two steroid-requiring negative genera. In general, their host range (organisms that parasitize) is narrow, and those that infect humans do not infect other animals.

The genus Mycoplasma is characterized by pleomorphism, spherical or short ovoid cells measuring 0.3-0.8 micrometers (1 micrometer is one millionth of a meter), with branched filamentous cells measuring 150 micrometers. They are facultatively anaerobic (microaerophilic) and lack quinones and cytochromes. They form typical fried-egg-shaped colonies on culture. They are chemoorganotrophic. They require cholesterol. The type species is Mycoplasma mycoides .

In addition, Mycoplasma pneumonia causes pneumonia in humans, Ureaplasma urealyticum causes non-gonococcal urethritis and infertility, and Spiroplasma citri causes yellow leaf disease in citrus fruits.

[Masami Soneda]

"Mycoplasma and its Experimental Methods" edited by Kaoru Koshimizu, Takamasa Shimizu, and Takashi Yamamoto (1988, Kindai Publishing) "Basics and Clinical Practice of Mycoplasma Infections" (Clinical Microbiology, vol. 30, No. 1, 2003, Kindai Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義にはマイコプラズマ目Mycoplasmatalesの細菌をさし、狭義ではマイコプラズマ属Mycoplasmaの細菌をいう。多形態性で、小形であるため分類学上の位置について議論はあったが、明瞭(めいりょう)な細胞構造があること、DNA(デオキシリボ核酸)、RNA(リボ核酸)の両方を同一細胞中にもつことから細菌とする。

 マイコプラズマ目は次の6属をいう。

(1)スピロプラズマSpiroplasma 11種。生息場所(病原性を含む。以下同)はおもに柑橘(かんきつ)類、トウモロコシ、ダイコン、ソラマメ、ワサビ。

(2)ウレアプラズマUreaplasma 5種。生息場所はヒトやその他の哺乳(ほにゅう)動物の口、呼吸器、尿道。

(3)マイコプラズマMycoplasma 92種。生息場所はヒト、ウシ、ブタ、ニワトリ、ラット、マウスの呼吸器、神経組織、関節、腟(ちつ)。種によっては植物、昆虫。

(4)アコレプラズマAcholeplasma 12種。生息場所は植物、昆虫。

(5)アネロプラズマAnaeroplasma 4種。生息場所はウシ、ヒツジのルーメン(反芻胃(はんすうい))。

(6)アステロプラズマAsteroplasma 1種。生息場所は下水、塵埃(じんあい)。

 マイコプラズマ目の特徴はグラム陰性、細胞壁を欠くが2層の細胞膜に包まれている。小形で多形性、分枝した糸状の細胞は螺旋(らせん)状となる。通常は運動性はないが滑走運動をすることがある。微好気性(通性嫌気性)4属、嫌気性2属がある。ステロイド要求性4属、ステロイド要求性陰性2属がある。一般に宿主(しゅくしゅ)(寄生対象となる生物)域は狭く、ヒトに感染するものは他の動物に感染することはない。

 マイコプラズマ属の特徴は多形態性、球形や短卵形で0.3~0.8マイクロメートル(1マイクロメートルは100万分の1メートル)、分枝した糸状細胞は150マイクロメートル。通性嫌気性(微好気性)、キノンやチトクロムを欠く。培養上の集落(コロニー)は目玉焼き状で典型的である。化学有機栄養要求性chemoorganotrophicである。コレステロールを要求する。基準種はマイコプラズマ・ミコイデスM. mycoides

 なお、マイコプラズマ・プネウモニアM. pneumoniaはヒトの肺炎をおこし、ウレアプラズマ・ウレオリテクムU. urealyticumは非淋菌(りんきん)性尿道炎や、不妊症の原因となり、スピロプラズマ・シトリS. citriは柑橘類の黄葉病をおこす。

[曽根田正己]

『輿水馨・清水高正・山本孝史編『マイコプラズマとその実験法』(1988・近代出版)』『『マイコプラズマ感染症の基礎と臨床』(『臨床と微生物』vol.30, No.1・2003・近代出版)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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