Fundus Examination - GANTEIKENSA

Japanese: 眼底検査 - がんていけんさ
Fundus Examination - GANTEIKENSA

This is an examination in which the fundus is observed through the patient's pupil using an ophthalmoscope. The fundus contains the optic disc, which is the nerve outlet that transmits information captured by the retina, which is the film of the human eye, to the brain, as well as the retina and retinal blood vessels, all of which can be directly observed during a fundus examination. Therefore, fundus examination is not only indispensable for diagnosing diseases of the fundus, but is also necessary for diagnosing various systemic diseases. This is because the fundus is the only place where arterioles can be directly observed, and the optic disc, which is closely related to the brain, can be observed. For this reason, fundus examination is an important examination method for various intracranial diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and brain tumors.

There are two types of fundus examination: direct examination, which has a high magnification but a narrow observation range, and indirect examination, which has a low magnification but allows a wide observation range up to the edge of the fundus. Direct examination, also called the direct method, is the most common method, in which the pupil is fully dilated and a handheld electric ophthalmoscope is brought close to the fundus to view it. It is suitable for examining systemic diseases by observing the fine details of the optic disc. Indirect examination, also called the indirect method, requires a dark or semi-dark room, unlike the direct method. A handheld indirect electric ophthalmoscope is used from a position 40 to 50 centimeters away from the examinee. It allows observation up to the very edge of the retina, and is suitable for examining fundus diseases such as ophthalmos, retinopathy of prematurity, and retinal detachment. However, using a handheld ophthalmoscope requires both hands and there is no stereoscopic effect due to monocular vision, so in recent years, binocular indirect examination has come to be used. For example, a head-mounted binocular indirect ophthalmoscope allows stereoscopic viewing of the fundus, and as it leaves one hand free, it is also used in surgeries such as retinal detachment and vitreous surgery. In addition, fundus examinations are also performed using a slit lamp, which creates an appropriate beam of light to cut the area to be observed into optical slices, which are then magnified and observed with a binocular microscope.

Fundus photography, which can objectively record the results of fundus examinations, has also become widespread. It became commonplace with the development of high-sensitivity color film and flashlight bulbs, but subsequent technological developments have allowed it to go beyond simple recording and be used as a method for morphological and functional examination of retinal lesions, and it has even progressed to the stage of being used with fundus film photography and television cameras.

[Mizuo Matsui]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

検眼鏡を使って患者の瞳孔(どうこう)(ひとみ)を通し眼底を観察する検査をいう。眼底には、人の目のフィルムである網膜でとらえた情報を脳へ伝える神経の出口にあたる視神経乳頭をはじめ、網膜や網膜の血管などがあり、眼底検査ではこれらがすべて直接に観察できる。したがって眼底検査は、眼底の病気の診断には欠かすことができないばかりでなく、いろいろな全身疾患のときにも診断上必要となる。その理由は、細動脈が直接観察できるのは眼底だけであること、また脳と関係の深い視神経乳頭が観察できることである。このため、高血圧症、糖尿病、脳腫瘍(しゅよう)をはじめとするいろいろな頭蓋(とうがい)内疾患などでは、眼底検査はたいせつな検査法となっている。

 眼底検査には、倍率が高いが観察範囲の狭い直像検査法と、倍率は低いが眼底の端のほうまで広い範囲にわたって観察できる倒像検査法とがある。直像検査法は直接法ともいい、もっとも一般的に行われているもので、散瞳を十分にして手持ち電気検眼鏡を近づけて眼底をのぞく。視神経乳頭の細部所見の観察により、全身疾患の検査に適している。倒像検査法は間接法ともいい、直接法とは異なり暗室または準暗室が必要である。手持ち倒像電気検眼鏡で被検者から40~50センチメートル離れた位置からのぞく。網膜のいちばん端まで観察でき、眼球しんとう症や未熟児網膜症のほか、網膜剥離(はくり)など眼底疾患の検査に適している。しかし、手持ちの検眼鏡では両手がふさがれ、片眼視のために立体感がないので、近年は双眼倒像検査法が用いられるようになった。たとえば、額帯式双眼倒像鏡を使うと、眼底の立体視が可能であり、片手が自由になるので網膜剥離や硝子体(しょうしたい)手術などにも用いられる。また、細隙(さいげき)灯(スリットランプ)で適当な光束をつくって観察部分を光切片に切り、双眼顕微鏡で拡大しながら観察する細隙灯顕微鏡による眼底検査も行われる。

 なお、眼底検査の結果を客観的に記録できる眼底撮影も普及している。高感度カラーフィルムの開発と閃光(せんこう)電球の発展により日常的に使われるようになったが、その後の技術的開発によって単に記録するという範囲を超えて網膜病変の形態的あるいは機能的検査法としても用いられ、さらには眼底映画撮影からテレビカメラの応用という段階まで進んできた。

[松井瑞夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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