Pound (English spelling)

Japanese: ポンド(英語表記)pound
Pound (English spelling)
A unit of mass in the imperial system. Its symbol is lb. The pound and its supplementary units are divided into three systems (avoirdupois, apothecary, gold) and two systems (British and American), and the multiple relationships of the supplementary units are also complicated. Furthermore, the size of the pound differed between the British and American systems. However, on July 1, 1959, they were unified and a common avoirdupois pound (symbol lbav, 1 lbav = 0.45359237 kg) was defined in relation to the kilogram based on the International Prototype Kilogram, and a grain (symbol gr, 1 gr = 1/7000 lbav = 64.79891 mg) common to the three systems was given from this avoirdupois pound. The system is divided into three systems and two systems due to differences in the conversion relationship from grain to other supplementary units. (1) Avoirdupois pound system (indicated by the subscript av) Supplementary units are given in a series of multiples or fractions of the pound, but a unit grain common to the three systems is determined regardless of this series. The conversion rate of the ton, a larger unit of mass under the avoirdupois system (1 ton = 20 hundredweights), is common to both the United Kingdom and the United States, but since the relationship between the hundredweight and the pound is different in the two systems, two types of ton are commonly used.

1 British hundredweight = 112 lbav = 50.80 kg
1 US Hundred Weight = 100 lbav = 45.36 kg

The avoirdupois system is a British legal unit of measurement used after 1855 for measuring general items. (2) Apothecary pound system (indicated by the subscript ap) Used for measuring medicines. See (3) for an overview. (3) Gold pound system (indicated by the subscript t) Also known as the Troy pound system. Used for measuring gold and precious metals. British legal unit from 1824 to 1855. The auxiliary units for both apothecary and gold are given in a series of multiples of the grain, but the two systems diverge due to differences in small units.
The origin of the pound is the ancient Roman unit of mass, libra pondo, and the symbol lb comes from libra. The dram and drachm come from the ancient Greek currency, drachme, and the grain comes from the seeds of a certain grain, and these were used as standards of weight. The ounce comes from the Latin uncia (1/12), which means uncia libra.

lb
pound; pound sterling

The British legal tender is abbreviated as £. Its official name is the pound sterling. The relationship with the subsidiary currency was 1 pound = 20 shillings = 240 pence, but in 1971 the decimal system was implemented and 1 pound = 100 pence. In 1816, Britain established the gold standard and minted a 1 pound gold coin called the sovereign. The previous 1 pound gold coin under the bimetallic standard system was left alone, and a separate guinea (1 pound = 21 shillings) was named after it, which became the standard currency, with silver coins as subsidiary currency. When the sovereign was minted, the official price of gold was determined, which was set at 1 ounce = 3 pounds, 17 shillings, and 10.5 pence. The UK maintained unlimited convertibility of the pound for gold at this gold price from the establishment of the gold standard until its cessation in 1914, and from its return to the gold standard in 1925 until its abandonment in 1931. This monetary policy gave the pound high credibility not only domestically but also internationally. As a result, the pound became the first international currency in the history of international currencies, based on the British economy, which became the center of international finance. However, with the disappearance of the UK's absolute dominance in international trade and finance, the pound's status as an international currency became uncertain, and it was replaced by the US dollar, which became dominant in the world economy. In October 1990, the UK joined the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ヤード・ポンド法の質量の単位。記号は lb。ポンドとその補助単位の系列には,3衡(常衡,薬衡,金衡)と 2制(イギリス制,アメリカ制)があり,補助単位の倍数関係も複雑である。しかもイギリス制,アメリカ制でポンドの大きさが異なっていた。しかし 1959年7月1日に統一されて,国際キログラム原器に基づくキログラムと関係づけて共通の常衡ポンド(記号 lbav。1lbav=0.45359237kg)を定義し,この常衡ポンドから 3衡に共通なグレーン(記号 gr。1gr=1/7000lbav=64.79891mg)が与えられた。グレーンからほかの補助単位への換算関係の相違から 3衡と 2制に分岐している。(1) 常衡ポンド系(添字 avで表示) 補助単位はポンドの倍数または分数の系列で与えられるが,この系列とは無関係に 3衡に共通な単位グレーンが決められている。常衡系における大きい質量の単位トンの換算率(1トン=20ハンドレッドウェート)はイギリス,アメリカで共通であるが,ハンドレッドウェートとポンドの関係が両制で異なるので,2種類のトンが慣用されている。

1英ハンドレッドウェート=112lbav=50.80kg
1米ハンドレッドウェート=100lbav=45.36kg

常衡系は 1855年以後のイギリス法定単位で,一般物品の計量用に用いられる。(2) 薬衡ポンド系(添字 apで表示) 薬品の計量に用いられた。概要は (3)に記述。(3) 金衡ポンド系(添字 tで表示) トロイ・ポンド系ともいう。金,貴金属の計量用。1824~55年のイギリス法定単位。薬衡,金衡の補助単位はともにグレーンの倍数の系列で与えられるが,両衡は小さい単位の相違で分岐している。
ポンドの起源は古代ローマの質量単位 libra pondoであり,記号 lbは libraに由来する。ドラム,ドラクムは古代ギリシアの貨幣ドラクメに,グレーンはある穀物の種子で,これらの重さが基準に用いられたことに由来する。またオンスはラテン語のウンキア uncia(1/12),すなわち uncia libraの意味である。

ポンド
pound; pound sterling

イギリスの法定貨幣で略号は£である。正式の名称はポンド・スターリング。補助貨幣との関係は1ポンド=20シリング=240ペンスであったが,1971年から十進法が実施され1ポンド=100ペンスとなった。 1816年イギリスは金本位制度を確立するとともに,ソブリン sovereignと名づけた1ポンド金貨を鋳造し,それ以前の金銀複本位制度下の1ポンド金貨だけを残して別にギニー guinea金貨 (1ポンド=21シリング) と名づけ,これを本位貨幣とし,銀貨を補助貨幣とした。ソブリン金貨の鋳造とともに金の公定価格が決められ,1オンス=3ポンド 17シリング 10.5ペンスとされた。イギリスは金本位制度確立から 1914年の金本位制度停止まで,また 25年の金本位制度復帰から 31年の金本位制度放棄までの間,この金価格でポンドと金の無制限兌換を維持した。この貨幣政策は国内だけでなく国際的にもポンドに高い信認を与えた。その結果として国際金融の中心となったイギリス経済を基調として,ポンドは国際通貨史上,最初の国際通貨となった。しかしイギリスの国際貿易,金融上の絶対的優位の消滅とともに金との兌換確保も不確実になり,ポンドの国際通貨の地位はゆらぎ,代って世界経済の優位に立ったアメリカのドルに国際通貨の地位を奪われた。 90年 10月に為替相場メカニズム ERMに参加している。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

<<:  Hondo - Hondo

>>:  Bond, Edward

Recommend

Jeong Gwang-jo (English spelling) Zhèng Guāng zǔ

A Chinese dramatist of the Yuan dynasty. His birth...

Constructivism (English spelling)

One of the avant-garde trends in painting, sculpt...

Daemonorops

…any of several tropical climbing palms, includin...

Wilhelm Credner

1892‐1948 German geographer. Born in Greifswald as...

Clay pillow - Haniseimakura

A specially made clay object for placing the head ...

Cow's foot grass - Cow's foot grass

...Several species are cultivated for flower beds...

Villafranca fauna - Villafranca fauna

A general term for a group of terrestrial fossil m...

Ushikatabushi - Ushikatabushi

...A labor song from the Shimohei and Waga distri...

Illite - Illite (English spelling)

A type of clay mineral. Its chemical composition ...

walking

...At the fulcrum, scales are erected to increase...

Artificial musk

A synthetic fragrance that is used as a substitute...

Mount Io

A cone-shaped active volcano (→ stratovolcano) tha...

Natural theology - theologia naturalis

A branch of Christian theology that seeks to under...

Usachevsky, V.

...They consider silence to be an important eleme...

Venus - Venus (English spelling)

Roman goddess. Originally known as the guardian d...