Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich

Japanese: ポベドノスツェフ（英語表記）Pobedonostsev， Konstantin Petrovich

Born June 2, 1827 in Moscow
Died March 23, 1907. Petersburg, Russia. Politician and lawyer. Born to a professor at Moscow University, he taught civil law there from 1859. He was trusted by the imperial family and educated Alexander III, who was still Crown Prince, and his son Nicholas II. He also participated in the legal reforms of 1864, was appointed a member of the Senate in 1868 and a member of the State Council in 1872, and served as head of the Synod from 1980 to 1905, in charge of religious and ideological policies. His ideology was conservative, and he believed that autocracy was the only way to maintain order. He protected the Russian Orthodox Church as its pillar, but oppressed non-conformists such as Separatists and ethnic minorities such as Jews. As a nationalist, he also promoted the Russification of conquered territories such as Poland. In terms of education, he expanded primary education in parish schools and placed importance on religious education, but was wary of all influences from Western Europe, especially trends such as constitutionalism and democracy, and restricted higher education to children of the upper classes. After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, he persuaded Alexander III to revoke the so-called "Lori-Melkov Constitution" and issue a proclamation strengthening autocracy (May 11, 1881), promoting reactionary sentiment, and exerted great influence during the early reign of Alexander III. His influence waned from the late 1880s, and he retired after the issuance of the October Manifesto in 1905. It is well known that he was friends with Dostoevsky in the 1870s.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1827.6.2. モスクワ
[没]1907.3.23. ペテルブルグ
ロシアの政治家，法律家。モスクワ大学教授を父として生れ，みずからも 1859年より同大学で民法を講じた。皇室の信任を得て，皇太子時代のアレクサンドル3世，その子のニコライ2世の訓育にあたり，また 64年の法制改革に参与，68年元老院議員，72年国家評議会議員などにも任じられ，80～1905年には宗務院 (シノド) 長となって，宗教，イデオロギー政策を担当することとなった。その思想は保守的で，専制こそが秩序を維持できると考え，ロシア正教会をその支柱とみなして保護する一方，分離派教徒など非国教徒，ユダヤ人などの少数民族を抑圧した。また民族主義者としてポーランドなど征服地域のロシア化を促進。教育面でも教区学校における初等教育を拡充して，宗教教育を重視する一方，西ヨーロッパ諸国からのすべての影響，特に立憲主義や民主主義などの思潮に警戒の念を示し，高等教育を上流階層の子弟に限るなどして抑制した。 1881年アレクサンドル2世暗殺後，アレクサンドル3世を説得して，いわゆる「ロリース＝メーリコフの憲法」を撤回させ，専制強化の宣言 (1881.5.11.) を出させるなどして反動化を促進，アレクサンドル3世治世初期に大きな影響力を発揮した。 80年代末より影響力は衰え，1905年の十月宣言の発布後引退した。 1870年代ドストエフスキーと親交のあったことは有名である。

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