Poplar - Poplar (English spelling)

Japanese: ポプラ - ぽぷら(英語表記)poplar
Poplar - Poplar (English spelling)

A general term for the genus Populus in the Salicaceae family (APG classification: Salicaceae). The genus name Populus means "people" or "people's tree". It is a dioecious deciduous tall tree with terminal and lateral buds on the branches, and the branches are uniaxial. There are several or many bud scales arranged in a tile-like pattern, and they secrete resin. The petioles are long, round or flattened at the top, entire or with teeth on the edges, and the stipules fall early. The catkins are drooping, and pollination is wind-pollinating. The bracts have finely lobed edges and cup-shaped nectar glands at the base. The male flowers have four or many stamens, separate filaments, and red anthers. The stigma of the pistil is divided into 2 to 3 parts, and the capsule is divided into 2 to 4 parts. The seeds are small and are dispersed by white fluff (willow fluff).

There are about 100 species in the world, distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, with a few in the Southern Hemisphere. In Japan, the Lombardy poplar ( P. nigra L. CV. 'italica'), with its straight-up branches and narrow, broom-shaped crown, is sometimes referred to as poplar. Other species that grow wild in Japan include the Japanese poplar, Korean poplar, poplar tree, and similar species such as poplar. Since the Meiji period, many non-native poplars, such as European poplar (P. tremula L.), European black poplar (P. nigra L.), white poplar (P. alba L.), and Japanese poplar ( P. deltoides Marsh.), have been bred for timber and planted in fields, parks, schoolyards, and streets for greening and scenic beauty.

[Sadao Sugaya July 21, 2020]

Cultural history

In Greek mythology, when Hercules defeated the giant Cacus, he made a crown of victory from poplar twigs, and in ancient Greece it was called the Hercules tree. Dioscorides wrote that poplar bark was used as an oral remedy for sciatic neuralgia, and was cut into small pieces to grow edible mushrooms (Drugs). In ancient Rome, poplar branches were used as supports for grapes, and the inflorescences were used to extract oil for ointments. The leaves were also used to wrap bodies together with myrtle (an evergreen shrub in the Myrtaceae family) and olive leaves, and the bodies were buried in ceramic coffins, a style that Pliny called Pythagorean (Natural History). Some believe that the Hebrew word livne, libne (Genesis 30:37), which is translated as cottonwood P. tremula L. ( P. sieboldi Miq.) in the Bible, is not poplar, but Styrax officinalis L. of the Styraxaceae family. On the other hand, the Hebrew word becaim, which appears in "he hung up the harp" (Psalm 137:2) and "the king's heart and the people's heart were shaken like the trees of the forest" (Isaiah 7:2), is P. euphratica Oliv. There is a legend that the cross on which Christ was crucified was a poplar tree, and some Christians consider it a sacred tree.

During the Second World War, Italy was blockaded by the Allied Powers and suffered from a shortage of wood, so they cultivated the fast-growing poplar, and No. 154 was named Mussolini poplar after the Prime Minister Mussolini. This was improved and introduced to Japan after the war as Italian poplar.

The well-known poplar tree-lined street at Hokkaido University was planted in 1903 (Meiji 36).

[Hiroshi Yuasa July 21, 2020]

[References] | Dioscorides | Poplar | Pliny | Aspen
Poplar (tree shape)
©Junzo Fujishima ">

Poplar (tree shape)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ヤナギ科(APG分類:ヤナギ科)ヤマナラシ属Populusの総称。属名のポプルスは「人民」「人民の木」などの意味がある。雌雄異株の落葉高木で、枝に頂芽と側芽を形成し、分枝は単軸的である。芽鱗(がりん)は数枚か多数が瓦(かわら)重ね状に配列し、樹脂を分泌する。葉柄は長く、丸いか上部が左右に扁平(へんぺい)で全縁または縁(へり)に歯牙(しが)があり、托葉(たくよう)は早落性。尾状花序は下垂し、受粉は風媒性。包葉は縁が細裂し、基部に杯(さかずき)状の蜜腺(みつせん)がある。雄花は4本または多数の雄しべがあり、花糸は離生し、葯(やく)は赤色。雌しべの柱頭は2~3裂し、蒴果(さくか)は2~4裂する。種子は小さく、白色の綿毛(柳絮(りゅうじょ))により飛散する。

 世界に約100種あり、おもに北半球、少数が南半球に分布する。日本では、枝が直上し、樹冠が狭く箒(ほうき)状になるセイヨウハコヤナギLombardy poplar/P. nigra L. CV. 'italica'を、とくにポプラと称することがある。ほかに、日本にはヤマナラシ、チョウセンヤマナラシ、ドロノキとチリメンドロの近似のものが野生している。また明治以降、ヨーロッパヤマナラシP. tremula L.、ヨーロッパクロヤマナラシP. nigra L.、ハクヨウP. alba L.、ナミキドロP. deltoides Marsh.など多くの外来ポプラが用材目的の育種の対象として、また緑化や風致のため、圃場(ほじょう)、公園、校庭、街路などに植栽される。

[菅谷貞男 2020年7月21日]

文化史

ギリシア神話では、ヘラクレスが巨人カクスを退治した際、ポプラの小枝で勝利の冠をつくったと語られ、古代ギリシアではヘラクレスの木とよばれていた。ディオスコリデスは、ポプラの樹皮を坐骨(ざこつ)神経痛の飲み薬や、細かく切って食用キノコの栽培床に使うと述べている(『薬物誌』)。古代ローマでは、枝をブドウの支柱に使い、花序から軟膏(なんこう)用の油をとった。また、葉はギンバイカ(フトモモ科の常緑低木)Myrtus communis L.やオリーブの葉といっしょに遺体を包むのに用い、それを陶器の柩(ひつぎ)に入れて葬る様式があり、プリニウスはこれをピタゴラス派風とよんだ(『博物誌』)。聖書でハコヤナギP. tremula L.(P. sieboldi Miq.)と訳されているヘブライ語のリブネlivne, libne(「創世記」30章37節)はポプラではなく、エゴノキ科のヤクヨウエゴノキStyrax officinalis L.とする見解がある。一方、「琴を掛けた」(「詩篇(しへん)」137章2節)や「王の心も民の心も林の木々が揺らぐように動揺した」(「イザヤ書」7章2節)に出るヘブライ語のベカイムbecaimにはコトカケヤナギP. euphratica Oliv.があてられている。キリストが処刑された十字架はポプラの木であるとの言い伝えがあり、一部のキリスト教徒は聖なる木としている。

 第二次世界大戦中に連合国に封鎖されたイタリアは木材不足に悩み、成長の早いポプラを育成、そのⅠ154号は首相ムッソリーニの名をとってムッソリーニポプラとよばれた。これを改良したのがイタリアポプラとして、戦後、日本に導入された。

 なお、よく知られている北海道大学のポプラ並木は、1903年(明治36)に植えられたものという。

[湯浅浩史 2020年7月21日]

[参照項目] | ディオスコリデス | ドロノキ | プリニウス | ヤマナラシ
セイヨウハコヤナギ〔樹形〕
©藤島淳三">

セイヨウハコヤナギ〔樹形〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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