Austrian poet and playwright. Born in Vienna on February 1st. He began publishing excellent poetry at the age of 16, when he was a high school student, and astonished the literary world as a precocious genius. His works from that time include numerous lyric poems and verse plays that touch upon the secrets of the world of life, such as "The Death of Titian" (1892), "The Fool and Death" (1893), and "The Emperor and the Witch" (1897), as well as the novel "The Tale of 672 Nights" (1895). In 1902, at the age of 28, he published an essay (known as the "Chandos Letter"), which was set as a letter addressed to Francis Bacon by the 17th century English man of letters, Lord Chandos. While expressing deep skepticism about language, the mysterious writing speaks of his experience of being one with non-verbal animals, and is known as a fascinating work that hinted at the future course of 20th century literature. From then on, he devoted his activities entirely to plays, publishing adaptations of Sophocles's "Electra" (1903), "Oedipus Rex" (1905), and "Venice Saved" (1905), an adaptation of Otway's "Venice Saved". His "Jedermann" (1911), based on an old English mystery play, is still performed every summer at the Salzburg Festival. "Electra" was also adapted into an opera by Richard Strauss, which was a success, and this led to him writing opera librettos. The two men worked together to produce five operas, including "Der Rosenkavalier" (1911) and "Ariadne auf Naxos" (1912). In prose, he completed the allegorical novel Die Schatten ohne Schatten in 1919. He was also working on Andreas, the story of a young Viennese man who travels to Venice during the reign of Maria Theresa. Both works succeed in creating a magical space that is connected to his earlier work Tales of 672 Nights, but Andreas was left unfinished, leaving many plans unfinished. When discussing 20th century German-speaking novels, the name of this novel, which is only about a quarter of the total, is often mentioned, perhaps because of the unparalleled beauty of its prose and the expectation of a greater perspective that is foreseen beyond the protagonist's modest experiences. During World War I, Hofmannsthal donated a large amount of his fortune to war bonds, and as a result of defeat and inflation, he suffered many hardships financially after the war. Not only these hardships, but the collapse of the Austrian Empire also had a profound impact on the poet's psyche. He became a promoter of the Salzburg Festival and strengthened his desire to restore order through tradition, but behind this positive attitude lies a deep pessimism that can be seen in his later comedic masterpiece A Moody Man (1921) and his controversial work The Tower (1927), and this could be said to have formed the basis of Hofmannsthal's spirit in his later years. On July 15, 1929, just before the funeral of his eldest son, who had committed suicide, he suffered a stroke and died dressed in mourning at his home outside Vienna. [Matsumoto Michisuke] "Selected Works of Hofmannsthal, translated by Fujikawa Hideo et al., 4 volumes (1979-80, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "Chandos Castle, by Kawamura Jiro (1976, Kodansha)" ▽ "Collected Poems of Hofmannsthal, edited and translated by Kawamura Jiro (1994, Ozawa Shoten)" ▽ "The Letters of Lord Chandos: Andreas, translated by Kawamura Jiro (Kodansha Bunko)" ▽ "Ariadne auf Naxos, with libretto by Hofmannsthal, music by R. Strauss, translated by Shida Roku and Teramoto Mariko (1983, Ongaku No Tomo Sha)" ▽ "The Secret of the Birth of the Opera 'Der Rosenkavalier' - Collection of Letters between R. Strauss and Hofmannsthal, supervised by Ohno Makoto, translated by Horiuchi Mie (1999, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "The Letters of Lord Chandos and Ten Other Essays" translated by Tetsuhiko Hiyama (Iwanami Bunko) [References] | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オーストリアの詩人、劇作家。2月1日、ウィーンに生まれる。16歳の高校生時代から優れた詩作を発表し、早熟の天才児として文壇を驚かせた。当時の作品として、生の世界の秘密に触れる数々の叙情詩と韻文劇『チチアンの死』(1892)、『痴人と死』(1893)、『皇帝と魔女』(1897)、小説『672夜の物語』(1895)などが知られる。1902年、28歳のとき、17世紀イギリスの文人チャンドス卿(きょう)がフランシス・ベーコンにあてた書簡という設定のエッセイ(いわゆる『チャンドス書簡』)を発表した。ことばに対する深い懐疑を披瀝(ひれき)する一方、ことばをもたぬ動物との生命の一体化の経験を語る不思議な文章で、20世紀文学のその後の歩みを暗示した魅力ある作品として知られる。 以後、彼の活動はもっぱら戯曲に向けられ、ソフォクレスの改作『エレクトラ』(1903)、『オイディプス王』(1905)、オトウェーの改作『救われたベニス』(1905)などを発表した。またイギリスの古い神秘劇による『イェーダーマン(人おのおの)』(1911)はいまでもザルツブルク音楽祭で毎夏上演される。また『エレクトラ』はリヒャルト・シュトラウスがオペラ化して成功し、これを縁にオペラのリブレット(台本)を書くようになった。2人の共同作業によって『ばらの騎士』(1911)、『ナクソス島のアリアドネ』(1912)など五つのオペラが生まれた。 散文では、1919年に寓話(ぐうわ)小説『影のない女』を完成している。またマリア・テレジアの治世にベネチアへの旅に出たウィーンの一青年の物語『アンドレアス』も書き進めていた。いずれも初期の『672夜の物語』につながる魔法的な空間を生み出すことに成功しているが、『アンドレアス』のほうは、多くのプランを残したまま未完に終わった。20世紀のドイツ語圏の小説が語られる際、全体の4分の1ほどが書き上げられているにすぎないこの小説の名がしばしば口にされるのは、その散文の比類ない美しさと、主人公のささやかな体験のかなたに予感される大いなる視野への期待ゆえであろう。 第一次世界大戦に際し、多額の財産を戦時公債に献じたため、敗戦とインフレにより戦後は経済的にも不如意の日々が続いた。その苦しさだけではなく、オーストリア帝国の崩壊は、この詩人の精神に大きな衝撃を与えた。ザルツブルク音楽祭の推進者となるなど、伝統を通じて秩序の回復を願う姿勢が強固になったが、その積極的な姿勢の背後に、後期の喜劇の傑作『気むずかしい男』(1921)や問題作『塔』(1927)にうかがわれる深いペシミズムがあり、それが晩年のホフマンスタールの精神の基調をなしていたといえよう。 1929年7月15日、自殺した長男の葬儀の直前、卒中に襲われ、ウィーン郊外の自宅で、喪服に身を固めたまま息を引き取った。 [松本道介] 『富士川英郎他訳『ホーフマンスタール選集』全4巻(1979~80・河出書房新社)』▽『川村二郎著『チャンドスの城』(1976・講談社)』▽『川村二郎編訳『ホフマンスタール詩集』(1994・小沢書店)』▽『川村二郎訳『チャンドス卿の手紙・アンドレアス』(講談社文芸文庫)』▽『ホフマンスタール台本、R・シュトラウス作曲、志田麓・寺本まり子訳『ナクソス島のアリアドネ』(1983・音楽之友社)』▽『R・シュトラウス、ホフマンスタール著、大野真監修、堀内美江訳『オペラ「薔薇の騎士」誕生の秘密――R・シュトラウス/ホフマンスタール往復書簡集』(1999・河出書房新社)』▽『檜山哲彦訳『チャンドス卿の手紙 他十篇』(岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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