Bonnet, Charles

Japanese: ボネ（英語表記）Bonnet， Charles

Born: March 13, 1720, Geneva
Died May 20, 1793. A Swiss naturalist, lawyer, and philosopher from Geneva. He first studied insects, and in 1745 proved parthenogenesis in aphids through experiments, observed the regeneration of earthworms, snails, and hydras, and discovered that butterflies breathe through spiracles. Due to impaired eyesight, he switched to studying plant physiology around 1750, and conducted research on photosynthesis, epiphytic growth of leaves, and sap movement. After he became blind, he devoted himself to constructing theories. At the time, the preformation theory was dominant, and the findings of aphid parthenogenesis supported it. However, he developed a unique theory of development because he needed to explain the phenomenon of regeneration. He was also the first to use the word "evolution" as a biological term. However, he did not believe that species can change, and explained the birth and extinction of species by natural disasters. His major works include Traité d'insectologie (2 volumes, 1745), Considération sur les corps organisés (2 volumes, 62), and Palingénésie philosophique (69).

Bonnet
Bonnet, Georges Etienne

[Born] July 23, 1889. Basak
[Died] June 18, 1973. Paris. French politician and diplomat. Entered politics in 1924 and served in 12 cabinets, including four as finance minister. In 1938, as foreign minister of the E. Daladier cabinet, he supported the Munich Agreement and was said to be the leading proponent of appeasement against Germany. While serving as foreign minister in 1939, he famously declared, "I was shocked out of the blue" when he heard the news of the signing of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. He also served as a state councillor in the Vichy government during World War II, and was a member of the National Assembly from 1956 to 1958, and was re-elected in 1962.

Bonnet
Bonnet, Louis Martin

[Born] 1767
[Died] 1793
French printmaker. Worked in St. Petersburg and London. He invented a technique of producing copperplate and lithographic prints of women's faces, Venus, and other subjects, and of recreating the soft tones of the originals in copperplate.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1720.3.13. ジュネーブ
[没]1793.5.20. ジュネーブ
スイスの博物学者，法律家，哲学者。初め昆虫を研究対象として，1745年アリマキの単為生殖を実験によって証明し，ミミズ，カタツムリ，ヒドラの再生を観察し，またチョウが気門によって呼吸することを発見した。視力障害のためもあって，50年頃より植物の生理に関する研究に転じ，光合成，葉の上偏生長，樹液の移動などについて研究を行なった。失明してから理論の構築に専心。当時，前成説が支配的であり，アリマキの単為生殖の知見はそれを支持するものであった。しかし，再生現象をも説明する必要から，独特の発生理論を立てた。また，生物学の用語として初めて「進化」という言葉を使用した。ただし，種が変りうるものとは考えておらず，種の新生や消滅を天変地異によって説明している。主著『昆虫学』 Traité d'insectologie (2巻，1745) ，『有機体についての考察』 Considération sur les corps organisés (2巻，62) ，『哲学的新生説』 Palingénésie philosophique (69)。

ボネ
Bonnet， Georges Étienne

[生]1889.7.23. バシャック
[没]1973.6.18. パリ
フランスの政治家，外交官。 1924年政界に入り，12の内閣の閣僚をつとめ，うち蔵相を4回経験。 38年 E.ダラディエ内閣の外相当時，ミュンヘン協定を支持し，対独宥和主義の第一人者といわれた。 39年外相在任中，独ソ不可侵条約締結の報に接し「青天のへきれき」の有名な言葉を残した。第2次世界大戦中のビシー政府の国家評議員をつとめたこともあるが，56～58年下院議員となり 62年再選された。