Breast milk - Bonyu

Japanese: 母乳 - ぼにゅう
Breast milk - Bonyu

It means "mother's milk". From the time of the birth of humankind on earth until today, most humans have been raised on breast milk. Breast milk is classified into colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk. Colostrum is secreted for one week after childbirth, and after a transitional period of several days (transitional milk), it becomes mature milk (permanent milk). Colostrum is a thick, viscous, pale yellow milk that is high in protein, especially lactalbumin and globulin, and low in lactose and fat compared to mature milk. Colostrum also contains various immune antibodies, which are important for newborns in acquiring antibodies. Epidemiologically, it has been pointed out that the advantage of breastfeeding is that it has a low incidence of infectious diseases such as dyspepsia, colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Breast milk contains the ingredients necessary for the growth of an infant in the most appropriate proportions, and is superior to artificial nutrition in terms of nutritional physiology and growth. It has also become clear that breast milk has resistance to pathogens, and that immunoglobulins in particular are found in high concentrations in colostrum.

With breastfeeding, there is no need to worry about overfeeding. This is due to the regulation of breast milk production and the natural brake effect that occurs when the baby's muscles become fatigued during feeding. Breastfeeding also has the irreplaceable positive effect of allowing a very natural bond between mother and baby to begin within 24 hours of birth, creating a sense of emotional fulfillment for the mother and providing the baby with ample opportunities for comfortable physical contact. One problem with breastfeeding is that most substances ingested by the mother are transferred to the baby through the breast milk. Furthermore, luxury items such as alcohol, tobacco, and coffee, as well as contamination of breast milk by drugs and pollution, can be harmful to the baby's health. Thus, when breastfeeding, it should not be forgotten that the mother's nutritional and health management are extremely important.

Breast milk is secreted via the neuroendocrine system (hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland, prolactin), and the secretion period varies greatly from individual to individual. However, breastfeeding is usually continued until around 8 to 10 months of age, and it is recommended to switch to cow's milk when the baby is eating three meals a day. This is because at this age, the nutritional value of breast milk itself decreases, while the baby's physiological functions develop, eliminating the need to rely on breast milk.

[Hoashi Eiichi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

「母親の乳」の意。人類が地球上に誕生して以来今日に至るまで、ほとんどの人間は母乳を基礎としてはぐくまれてきた。母乳は初乳、移行乳、成熟乳に分類される。初乳は分娩(ぶんべん)後1週間にわたって分泌され、数日間の移行期(移行乳)を経て、成熟乳(永久乳)になる。初乳は濃厚で粘稠(ねんちゅう)な淡黄色の乳汁で、成熟乳と比較してタンパク質量、とくにラクトアルブミン、グロブリンが多く、乳糖と脂肪が少ない。また初乳には各種の免疫抗体が含まれており、新生児にとって抗体獲得のうえで重要な意味をもっている。母乳栄養の長所として、疫学的には、消化不良症、感冒、気管支炎、肺炎などの感染症の罹患(りかん)率が少ないことが指摘されている。母乳組成分は、乳児の発育に必要なものがもっとも適切な配分で含まれており、栄養生理や発育面にとっても、人工栄養より優れている。また母乳が病原体に対する抵抗性をもつことが明らかとなり、とくに免疫グロブリンが初乳中に高濃度に含まれていることが明らかにされている。

 母乳栄養には、過剰授乳の心配はない。これは、母乳分泌量の調節と、哺乳(ほにゅう)のときの、乳児の筋肉の疲労に伴う自然な歯止め作用によるものである。また母乳栄養は、生後24時間以内に、ごく自然な母子間の愛情交流をスタートできるという、かけがえのないよい影響を生じ、母親にとっては精神的充足感を生み出し、乳児にとっても心地よいスキンシップの機会を豊かに提供することになる。母乳栄養の問題点としては、母親の摂取したほとんどの物質が、母乳を介して乳児に移行することがあげられる。そして、アルコール、たばこ、コーヒーなどの嗜好(しこう)品、あるいは薬物、公害による母乳汚染などが乳児の健康を害する可能性があることである。このように母乳栄養の際には、母親の栄養および健康管理がきわめて重要な意味をもつことを忘れてはならない。

 母乳の分泌は神経内分泌系(視床下部~下垂体前葉、プロラクチン)を介して行われ、その分泌期間には個体差が大きい。しかし母乳栄養の期間としては、通常8~10か月ころまでとし、離乳食が3回食となるころには牛乳に切り替えることが望ましい。というのは、このころになると、母乳自体の栄養価が下がり、一方では乳児の生理機能も発達し、母乳に依存する必要性がなくなるためである。

[帆足英一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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