Phosphine - phosphine

Japanese: ホスフィン - ほすふぃん(英語表記)phosphine
Phosphine - phosphine

A general term for phosphorus hydride (hydrogen phosphide) PH 3 and its derivatives. Phosphine PH 3 is prepared by heating anhydrous phosphonic acid H 2 PHO 3 to 200 °C or by hydrolyzing phosphonium iodide PH 4 I with an alkali. It can also be obtained by reacting alkali metal or alkaline earth metal phosphides with water or dilute acid. When white phosphorus is reacted with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, the gas evolved is mostly PH 3 , but diphosphine P 2 H 4 is also produced as a by-product, which spontaneously combusts and burns when exposed to air. It is a highly toxic, colorless, foul-smelling gas. Its melting point is −133.5 °C, its boiling point is −87.7 °C. Its specific gravity is 0.746 (−90 °C). It dissolves in water, benzene, and carbon disulfide. The phosphonium ion PH 4 + is less stable than the ammonium ion. Alkyl- or aryl-substituted derivatives of PH 3 , such as PR 3 , PHR 2 , and PH 2 R, are also called phosphines. Various types of organic phosphines are known. For example , there are colorless substances such as P( CH3 ) 3 (boiling point 40° C ), P( C2H5 ) 3 (boiling point 127°C), and P ( C6H5 ) 3 (melting point 80°C). These organic phosphines coordinate with transition metals to form stable low oxidation number complexes. In particular, complexes with triphenylphosphine P( C6H5 ) 3 are well known. For example, Wilkinson's complex [ RhI (Cl)(P( C6H5 ) 3 )3 ] is used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of olefins.

[Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

水素化リン(リン化水素)PH3とその誘導体の総称。ホスフィンPH3は、無水のホスホン酸H2PHO3を200℃に熱するか、あるいはヨウ化ホスホニウムPH4Iをアルカリで加水分解してつくる。アルカリ金属やアルカリ土類金属のリン化物を、水または希酸と反応させても得られる。白リンに水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を反応させるとき発生する気体は、大部分がPH3であるが、ジホスフィンP2H4が副生するので、空気に触れて自然発火して燃える。きわめて有毒な無色の悪臭のある気体。融点-133.5℃、沸点-87.7℃。比重0.746(-90℃)。水、ベンゼン、二硫化炭素に溶ける。ホスホニウムイオンPH4+はアンモニウムイオンに比べて不安定である。PH3のアルキルあるいはアリール置換誘導体PR3、PHR2、PH2Rなどもホスフィンとよばれている。これら有機ホスフィンは各種のものが知られている。たとえばP(CH3)3(沸点40℃)、P(C2H5)3(沸点127℃)、P(C6H5)3(融点80℃)などの無色の物質である。これら有機ホスフィンは遷移金属に配位して、安定な低酸化数錯体をつくる。とくにトリフェニルホスフィンP(C6H5)3を配位した錯体はよく知られており、たとえば、ウィルキンソン錯体[RhI(Cl)(P(C6H5)3)3]はオレフィンの水素添加反応の触媒として用いられる。

[守永健一・中原勝儼]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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