Bose-Einstein condensation

Japanese: ボース=アインシュタイン凝縮 - ボース=アインシュタインぎょうしゅく(英語表記)Bose-Einstein condensation
Bose-Einstein condensation
Also called Bose condensation. In a system of many particles that follow Bose statistics, the average number of particles occupying a certain quantum mechanical single-particle state is approximately the same as the total number of particles. This phenomenon was first pointed out by A. Einstein in 1925. He showed that in an ideal Bose gas, all particles fall into the lowest energy state with zero momentum at absolute zero, and that at temperatures below the transition point, the average number of particles occupying the lowest energy state is approximately the same as the total number of particles. Unlike condensation into liquids and solids, which is condensation in real space, Bose-Einstein condensation is condensation in momentum space. The concept of Bose-Einstein condensation was extended to interacting particle systems by O. Penrose and L. Onsager, and is expressed in the form of a quantum mechanical wave function that appears on a macroscopic scale, with a single-particle state with an average number approximately the same as the total number of particles. The superfluid state of liquid helium-4 is a state in which helium-4 atoms are Bose-Einstein condensed in this sense. The possibility of Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in solids has also been predicted. In 1995, Bose-Einstein condensation of rubidium was achieved in a magnetic trap, and has since been achieved for alkali atoms such as sodium and lithium. In this case, condensation is not considered to occur in momentum space, but rather to occur in a ground state determined by the trap potential and the forces between atoms. (→Superfluid Helium-4)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ボース凝縮ともいう。ボース統計に従う多くの粒子から成る系で,ある量子力学的な一粒子状態を占める粒子数の平均が全粒子数と同じ程度になった状態をいう。この現象は 1925年 A.アインシュタインによって初めて指摘された。すなわち,理想ボース気体では絶対零度においてすべての粒子が運動量ゼロの最低エネルギー状態に落ち込むこと,また転移点以下の温度では最低エネルギー状態を占める粒子の平均数が全粒子数と同程度であることを示した。液体,固体への凝縮が実空間における凝縮であるのと違って,ボース=アインシュタイン凝縮は運動量空間での凝縮である。ボース=アインシュタイン凝縮の概念は O.ペンローズ,L.オンサーガーによって相互作用のある粒子系にも拡張され,全粒子数と同じ程度の平均数をもった一粒子状態が巨視的な規模で現れた量子力学的波動関数という形で表現される。液体ヘリウム4の超流動状態はヘリウム4原子がこのような意味でボース=アインシュタイン凝縮した状態である。また固体中のエキシトン (励起子 ) のボース=アインシュタイン凝縮の可能性も予想されている。 1995年にはルビジウムのボース=アインシュタイン凝縮が磁気トラップ中に実現され,以後ナトリウム,リチウム等のアルカリ原子に対しても実現されている。この場合,運動量空間での凝縮ではなくトラップポテンシャルと原子間の力で決る基底状態への凝縮と考えられる。 (→超流動ヘリウム4 )

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