In a system of bosonics in thermal equilibrium at temperature T , with negligible interactions between particles, the probability that a particle is in a state of energy ε, or the average number of particles in this state, is given by f (ε)=1/{ exp [(ε-μ)/ kT ]-1} This distribution is called the Bose-Einstein distribution or Bose distribution. k is the Boltzmann constant, and μ is the chemical potential. For photons and phonons, particles are created and annihilated, so the total number of particles is not constant, so μ = 0. Planck's radiation formula is obtained by applying this distribution to photons. Furthermore, when the particle density is small and the temperature is high, this distribution approaches the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and in the opposite case, it exhibits Bose-Einstein condensation. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
温度 T で熱平衡状態にあるボソンの系において粒子間の相互作用が無視できるときに,粒子がエネルギー ε の状態にある確率,またはこの状態にある粒子の平均数は次式で与えられる。 f(ε)=1/{ exp [(ε-μ)/kT]-1} この分布をボース=アインシュタイン分布またはボース分布という。 k はボルツマン定数,μ は化学ポテンシャルである。光子やフォノンは粒子が生成,消滅して全粒子数が一定でないので μ=0 になる。プランクの放射式はこの分布を光子に適用して得られる。また粒子密度が小さく,温度が高い場合にこの分布はマクスウェル=ボルツマン分布に近づき,その逆の場合はボース=アインシュタイン凝縮を示す。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
>>: Bose-Einstein condensation
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