Subsidies - Hojokin (English spelling)

Japanese: 補助金 - ほじょきん(英語表記)subsidies
Subsidies - Hojokin (English spelling)

It refers to cash benefits that the national or local government pays unilaterally to public organizations, economic organizations, companies, and private individuals in order to achieve administrative objectives or results, without receiving any counter-payment. In Japan, the term is used in a broad sense to include subsidies under laws and regulations or budgets, as well as subsidies, grants, incentives, benefits, subsidies, contributions, and commissions, and in the narrow sense to refer to national treasury disbursements.

There are two types of fiscal expenditures: non-transfer expenditures, which are expenditures made to obtain counter-benefits, such as the purchase of public servant services (salary expenses, a type of fiscal consumption) and expenditures for the construction of social capital (public works expenses, a type of fiscal investment), and transfer expenditures, which are expenditures made without receiving counter-benefits, such as loans, investments, loan repayments, public expenditures for social security, etc. Subsidies belong to the latter category, and can be divided into those paid by the national government to local governments and those paid by the government sector, whether national or local, to the private sector.

[Tetsuya Hitosugi and Toru Haneda]

Subsidies to local governments

The origins of subsidies from the national government to local governments can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century in Europe and the United States, but the importance of subsidies to local finances was only recognized after the economic depression of the 1930s. In Japan, subsidy policies have been used in local governance since the centralization of power in the early Meiji period.

Subsidies from the national government to local governments are divided into general subsidies, which have no restrictions on how they can be used, and specific (individual) subsidies, which have restrictions on how they can be used. Currently, in Japan, the former is the local allocation tax, and the latter is national treasury disbursements.

The current local allocation tax began as the Local Finance Equalization Grant System, which was established in 1950 (Showa 25) based on the Shoup Taxation Recommendations. In 1966, the ceiling was set at 32% of income tax, corporation tax, and liquor tax revenues, and it has remained that way to this day. When local governments are unable to cover the expenses (standard financial expenditures) necessary to maintain a certain level of administration with tax revenues (standard financial revenues) obtained from standard tax rates, the system is designed to compensate for this shortfall, equalize financial capabilities, and ensure a certain level of administration.

National treasury expenditures are divided into national treasury contributions, national treasury commissions, and national treasury subsidies. National treasury contributions include those stipulated by law (such as national treasury contributions for compulsory education personnel expenses and public assistance expenses) and those for public works projects based on plans drawn up by the national government. National treasury commissions are used to pay expenses when tasks that should normally be carried out by the national government are entrusted to local governments, and include expenses required for Diet elections, national statistical surveys, and national pensions and child allowances. National treasury subsidies are incentives given when the national government deems it particularly necessary.

National treasury disbursements are subsidies from the national government's perspective, but the majority of them are non-transfer expenditures from the perspective of local governments. However, the financial crisis following the oil shock (1973) prompted a review of subsidies, and especially since the final report of the Second Provisional Administrative Reform Commission (1983), there has been a marked tendency to treat subsidies as non-transfer expenditures and to try to reduce them. Since the beginning of this century, as part of the Tripartite Reform to promote decentralization and local independence, a total of approximately 4.7 trillion yen was reduced in national treasury disbursements and national treasury subsidies over the three-year period from fiscal 2004 to fiscal 2006.

[Tetsuya Hitosugi and Toru Haneda]

Subsidies to the private sector

Subsidies from the national and local governments to the private sector can be divided into subsidies to private individuals/consumers and subsidies to companies. The former are intended to maintain and improve the standard of social welfare, such as medical care and education, or to maintain and expand consumption of food and other items, while the latter are intended to supply low-cost consumer goods, protect and develop infant industries, foster industries with large external economic effects, or foster strategically important industries. Nowadays, instead of spending such subsidies, it is becoming common to try to achieve the same economic effect through tax reductions and exemptions. This could be called a hidden subsidy, and Japan's special tax measures are an example of this.

[Tetsuya Hitosugi and Toru Haneda]

[Reference items] | Treasury disbursements | Shoup recommendations | Special tax measures | Local allocation tax | Local finance

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国または地方公共団体が、行政上の目的・効果を達成するため、公共団体、経済団体、企業、私人に対して、なんら反対給付を受けることなく、一方的に支出する現金給付をいう。日本においては、広義には、法令または予算上補助金とよばれるもののほか、補給金、助成金、奨励金、給付金、交付金、負担金、委託金などを含めて用い、狭義には国庫支出金をさして用いる。

 財政支出には、公務員サービスの購入(給与費=財政消費の一つ)や、社会資本建設のための支出(公共事業費=財政投資の一つ)のように、反対給付を得るために支出する非移転的支出と、貸付、出資、借入の返済、社会保障費の公費負担などのように、反対給付なしに支出される移転的支出とがある。補助金は後者に属する支出で、国から地方公共団体に支出されるものと、国であれ地方であれ、政府部門から民間に支出されるものとに分けられる。

[一杉哲也・羽田 亨]

地方公共団体への補助金

国から地方公共団体に対する補助金の起源は、欧米では19世紀の産業革命期に求められるが、地方財政に占める補助金の重要性が認識されるようになったのは、1930年代の不況期以降のことである。日本においては、明治初期の中央集権化とともに、補助金政策が地方統治に活用されてきた。

 国から地方公共団体への補助金には、使途が限定されていない一般補助金と、使途が限定されている特定(個別)補助金とがある。日本では現在、前者として地方交付税、後者として国庫支出金が設けられている。

 現行の地方交付税は、シャウプ税制勧告に基づいて1950年(昭和25)に創設された地方財政平衡交付金制度に始まる。1966年、所得税・法人税・酒税収入の32%を枠とすることとなって、現在に至っている。地方公共団体が標準的な税率によって得られる税収(基準財政収入額)で、一定の行政水準を維持するに必要な経費(基準財政支出額)をまかなえない場合、この不足を補填(ほてん)して財政力の均等化と一定の行政水準の確保を図るためのものである。

 国庫支出金は、国庫負担金、国庫委託金、国庫補助金に分けられる。国庫負担金には、法令で定められているもの(義務教育職員費や生活保護費の国庫負担など)や、国が策定した計画に基づく公共事業に対するものなどがある。国庫委託金は、本来国が行うべき事務を地方公共団体に委託したとき、その経費を支払うもので、国会議員選挙、国の統計調査、国民年金・児童手当に要する経費などがある。国庫補助金は、国が特別に必要ありと認めたときに与える奨励金などである。

 国庫支出金は、国からみれば補助金であるが、地方公共団体からの支出サイドでみれば非移転的支出が大部分である。しかし、オイル・ショック(1973)以後の財政危機を契機として補助金の見直しが進められ、とくに第二次臨時行政調査会(第二臨調)の最終答申(1983)以降、補助金=非移転的支出とみなしてこれを削減しようとする傾向が著しい。今世紀に入って、地方分権と地方の自立の促進を図るための三位一体改革における国庫補助負担金改革として、2004年度から2006年度の3か年で国庫負担金および国庫補助金が総額で約4.7兆円削減された。

[一杉哲也・羽田 亨]

民間への補助金

国および地方公共団体から民間への補助金には、私人・消費者に対する補助金と、企業に対する補助金とがある。前者は、医療・教育など社会福祉水準の維持・向上、あるいは食料などの消費維持・拡大のためのものであり、後者は、低価格の消費財供給、幼稚産業の保護・育成、外部経済効果の大きい産業の育成あるいは戦略的重要産業育成などのためのものである。なお、今日では、このような補助金支出にかえて、経済的に同じ効果を租税の減免によって達成しようとするのが一般的になってきている。これは隠れた補助金とでもいうべきもので、日本の租税特別措置などがこれにあたる。

[一杉哲也・羽田 亨]

[参照項目] | 国庫支出金 | シャウプ勧告 | 租税特別措置 | 地方交付税 | 地方財政

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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