A Ukrainian language. It has a speaking population of about 4 million people in Ukraine. Along with neighboring Russian and Byelorussian, it forms the East Slavic group of Slavic languages. While it inherited the traditions of Old Russian, the written language of Kievan Rus, which had a common East Slavic character until the mid-13th century, it was strongly influenced by Polish and gradually developed its own written language from the 17th to the 19th centuries, absorbing colloquial elements of Ukrainian dialects. The works of 19th century poets such as Kotlyarevsky and Shevchenko contributed to the formation of the foundations of modern Ukrainian standard written language. The main linguistic features are: (1) the distinction between the front vowel i and the more back и; (2) the Old Russian i becoming i (дто‐лiто "summer"), and ы and и becoming the same vowel и (риба "fish"; сила "strength"); (3) the Old Russian л before a consonant and the л in the past tense of a verb becoming в (вовк "wolf"; ходив "has been"); etc. The main differences with Russian are: (1) the use of vocative nouns (Петре, "Peter"), (2) the use of singular dative endings -овi, -евi in masculine nouns (братовi, "to my brother"), and (3) the lack of the ending -ть in the third person present tense verbs (знаэ, "he knows"). [Kurihara Shigeru] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ウクライナの言語。ウクライナ国内に約400万の言語人口をもつ。隣接のロシア語、白ロシア語とともにスラブ語派の東スラブ語群を形成する。13世紀中葉までは共通東スラブ語的性格を有していたキエフ・ロシアの文章語である古代ロシア語の伝統を継承しながらも、ポーランド語の強い影響を受け、ウクライナ諸方言の口語要素も吸収しながら、17世紀から19世紀にかけて漸次独自の文語を発達させた。19世紀の詩人コトリャレーフスキー、シェフチェンコらの作品は現代ウクライナ標準文語の基礎の形成に貢献した。主要な言語的特徴は、(1)前舌母音のiと、より後舌的なиとを区別する、(2)古代ロシア語のがiとなり(дто‐лiто「夏」)、ыとиが一つの母音иとなる(риба「魚」、сила「力」)、(3)古代ロシア語の子音の直前のлおよび動詞過去形のлがв([w])になる(вовк「狼(おおかみ)」、ходив「行ってきた」)、などである。 ロシア語とのおもな相違は、(1)名詞に呼格があること(Петре「ペトロよ」)、(2)男性名詞に単数与格語尾‐овi, ‐евiをもつものがある(братовi「兄に」)、(3)動詞現在三人称に語尾‐тьがないこと(знаэ「彼は知る」)などである。 [栗原成郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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