Pogrom - pogrom (English spelling) погром/pogrom Russian

This term refers to collective plunder, massacres, and acts of destruction, and generally refers to incidents of collective violence against Jews. Anti-Jewish sentiment has been deeply rooted among the people in both Eastern and Western Europe even in modern times, but in Imperial Russia, the authorities themselves not only did not suppress the manifestation of anti-Jewish sentiment, but actively used it and even instigated it, so such incidents took on a violent and harsh form. In particular, the incidents of 1881-84, which were the direct trigger of the shock of the assassination of Tsar Alexander II (1881), and the incidents of 1903-06, which were set against the backdrop of the rise of the people's movement and the First Russian Revolution (1905), are known as being large-scale incidents. There were also incidents caused by counter-revolutionary forces during the civil war following the October Revolution. Pogroms were tragedies based on religious prejudice that had existed since the Middle Ages, in which Jews were made scapegoats amid intensifying class conflict, but they also had a major impact on Jewish society, including the significant increase in Jewish immigration to America and the establishment of modern Zionism.

[Hara Teruyuki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

集団的な略奪、虐殺、破壊行為をさす語で、一般にユダヤ人に対する集団暴力事件をいう。民衆の反ユダヤ感情は近代に入ってもヨーロッパの東西を問わず根強いものがあったが、帝政ロシアでは官憲当局自体が反ユダヤ感情の現れを抑止しないばかりか積極的に利用し、使嗾(しそう)すらしたので、その種の事件は激烈、過酷な形をとった。とくに、皇帝アレクサンドル2世暗殺（1881）の衝撃を直接の契機とする1881～84年の事件と、民衆運動の高揚、第一次ロシア革命（1905）を背景とする1903～06年の事件が、大規模なものとして知られている。また、十月革命後の内戦期に反革命勢力が引き起こしたこともある。ポグロムは中世以来の宗教的偏見を土台とし、激化する階級対立のなかでユダヤ人がスケープゴートとされた悲劇であるが、アメリカへのユダヤ移民の顕著な増大、近代シオニズムの成立など、ユダヤ人社会に及ぼした影響も大きい。

［原　暉之］

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