Bei-lu Nan-wo; Pei-lu Nan-wo

Japanese: 北虜南倭 - ほくりょなんわ（英語表記）Bei-lu Nan-wo; Pei-lu Nan-wo

During the Ming Dynasty, China was subject to invasions from the north and south by foreign tribes. The Northern Luo were the Mongols who invaded the northern border of the Ming Dynasty, and the Southern Wa were the Japanese pirates who plundered the southeastern coastal region. In 1449, when Esen (也先), a chief of the Oirats (瓦剌), invaded the northern border, the Ming Dynasty suffered a major defeat at Tumubao (→Tumu Incident), but since then the Mongol invasions have been unrelenting, and the Ming Dynasty prepared for this by repairing the Great Wall, among other things. Later, Dayan Khan (田柳漢) emerged from the Tatar tribe in Mongolia and rapidly expanded his power, and his grandson Altan (左樫樫) invaded the Ming Dynasty in large numbers from around 1542, killing and plundering at will. Furthermore, the Wako invaded coastal regions from the beginning of the country, but after a temporary hiatus, they became active again during the Jiajing period (22-66), causing great damage to the coastal regions of central and southern China. The Wako were particularly active in the latter period, and were known as the Northern Pirates, becoming a major threat to the Ming. Japanese were actually the minority among their members, with 80-90% being Chinese. They were a group of armed smugglers who rebelled against the Ming's maritime ban policy. They later won official permission to trade privately, and overseas trade by Chinese sailed extensively thereafter. However, after Toyotomi Hideyoshi achieved unification in Japan, he strictly banned the Wako, and they finally ceased to exist.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，明代に南北から受けた外民族の侵攻。北虜とは明の北辺を侵略したモンゴル人，南倭とは南東沿海地方を略奪した倭寇 (わこう) のこと。正統 14 (1449) 年オイラート (瓦剌)の部長エセン (也先)が北辺に侵入したとき，明は土木堡で大敗したが (→土木の変 ) ，それ以来モンゴル族の侵入は絶えず，明では長城を修築するなどしてこれにそなえた。のちモンゴルではタタール部にダヤン・ハン (達延汗)が出て急速に勢力を拡大し，孫のアルタン (俺答)は嘉靖 21 (1542) 年頃から大挙して明に侵入し，殺戮略奪をほしいままにした。また沿海地方では国初から倭寇の侵略があったが，一時中絶し，嘉靖年間 (22～66) に入ると再び活発化し，華中，華南の沿海地方は大被害を受けた。特にこの後期倭寇は活動が激しく，北虜と並称されて明に対する重大な脅威となった。その構成員はむしろ日本人は少く，中国人が8～9割を占め，武装した密貿易商人の集団で，彼らは明の海禁政策に反抗した。のち彼らは私貿易の公許をかちとり，以後中国人の海外出航貿易は大いに発展するが，一方日本では豊臣秀吉が統一を達成すると倭寇を厳禁したので，ようやくその跡を絶った。

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