North Sea Warlords

Japanese: 北洋軍閥 - ほくようぐんばつ

A general term for the warlords who, following in the footsteps of Yuan Shikai, participated in the Beijing administration during the Republic of China period. The government in question is also known as the Beiyang Government, and the period (1913-1928) as the Beiyang Period. Its origins lie in the New Army (7,000 troops) that Yuan Shikai took over from Li Hongzhang. In 1902, Yuan Shikai became Governor-General of Zhili and Minister of the Beiyang Army, and by 1904 six garrisons, each with 12,500 troops each, had been organized. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the New Beiyang Army's strength had reached 16 garrisons and 16 mixed regiments. It was because of these troops that Yuan Shikai was able to seize power over the Republic of China government that was established in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. After Yuan's death in 1916, the Beiyang warlords split up due to internal conflict into three factions: the Zhili faction led by Feng Guozhang, who was mainly made up of military men from Hebei Province; the Anhui faction led by Duan Qirui, whose majority were from Anhui Province; and the collateral Fengtian faction led by Zhang Zuolin, who was based in the northeast. Li Yuanhong, who succeeded Yuan as Grand President, was a puppet of the Zhili faction, and Duan Qirui was Prime Minister, so the conflict between the two took the form of a conflict between the Presidential Office and the State Council. The Anhui faction, which had gained hegemony in Beijing, allied with Japan and fought against the Zhili faction, which was supported by the United Kingdom and the United States, in 1920, but was defeated (the Anhui War), and the Fengtian-Zhili coalition was formed. However, the Zhili faction won the first Fengtian-Zhili war in 1922, and the Fengtian faction, which allied with Japan, won the second Fengtian-Zhili war in 1924. Feng Yuxiang later left the Zhili faction and founded the Nationalist Army, and for a time, a coalition government of the Fengtian faction, the Anhui faction, and the Nationalist Army was formed, but in 1926 the Fengtian faction won the Nationalist War, and the Fengtian-Zhili coalition government, supported by Japan and Britain, was formed. In 1926, when the Northern Expeditionary Army of Chiang Kai-shek of the Nanjing Nationalist Government approached Beijing, the Beiyang faction suffered successive defeats and lost the area south of the Yangtze River. In 1928, the train Zhang was riding in as he retreated to Fengtian was blown up by the Japanese Kwantung Army, and Zhang was killed (Zhang Zuolin Assassination Incident). In December of the same year, Zhang's son Zhang Xueliang joined the Nationalist government despite Japanese interference, and the Beiyang faction was dissolved.
→Related articles Wang Kemin | Wu Peifu | Cao [Kon] | Beiyang

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

中国，中華民国時代，袁世凱の流れをくんで北京の政権に参画した軍閥の総称。その政府を北洋政府，その時代（1913年―1928年）を北洋時代ともいう。その起源は，李鴻章から袁世凱が引き継いだ新建陸軍（兵力7000名）にある。1902年に袁世凱が直隷総督兼北洋大臣になって1904年までには１万2500余名で１個鎮とする６個鎮が編成され，清末には北洋新軍の兵力は16個鎮・16個混成協の兵力に達した。1911年の辛亥革命で成立した中華民国政府を袁世凱が奪権できたのもこの兵力が背後に控えていたからである。袁の死（1916年）後，北洋軍閥は内部抗争から分裂し，河北省出身の軍人を中心とした馮国璋(ふうこくしょう)の直隷派と，安徽省出身者が多くを占める段祺瑞(だんきずい)の安徽派，さらに傍系的存在で東北に本拠をおく張作霖の奉天派の３派となった。袁を継いで大総統となった黎元洪は直隷派の傀儡(かいらい)であり，段祺瑞は国務総理であったから，両者の抗争は総統府と国務院の対立というかたちをとった。北京の覇権を握った安徽派は日本と結び，1920年に英米の支援をうけた直隷派と戦ったが敗れ（安直戦争），奉直連合が成立したが，1922年の第１次奉直戦争では直隷派が，1924年の第２次奉直戦争では日本と結んだ奉天派が勝利を収めた。その後直隷派から馮玉祥が離脱して国民軍を創設，一時，奉天派・安徽派・国民軍の連合政権が成立したが，1926年の奉国戦争で奉天派が勝利し，日英支援の奉直連合政府が成立した。1926年，南京国民政府の蒋介石の北伐軍が北京に迫ると北洋派は連敗を喫し，長江以南を失った。1928年奉天に撤退する張の乗る列車が日本の関東軍に爆破されて張は殺された（張作霖爆殺事件）。同年12月，張の息子張学良は日本の干渉にもかかわらず国民政府に参加し，北洋派は消滅した。
→関連項目王克敏｜呉佩孚｜曹【こん】｜北洋

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