North Sea Fisheries

Japanese: 北洋漁業 - ほくようぎょぎょう
North Sea Fisheries

A general term for fishing in the North Sea, including the Pacific Ocean north of 45 degrees north latitude, the Bering Sea, and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In 1907 (Meiji 40), after the end of the Russo-Japanese War, the Japan-Russia Fisheries Agreement was concluded, and the so-called Russian fishing, mainly using salmon and trout fixed nets, began in earnest in Primorsky Krai (now Primorsky Krai) and the coast of Kamchatka, marking the beginning of the North Sea fishing industry. In the late Taisho period, mother ship crab fishing was added, and in the early Showa period, mother ship salmon and trout fishing and North Kuril salmon and trout drift net fishing were added, and the industry showed extensive development until World War II. It was suspended during and after the war, but resumed in 1952 (Showa 27), and mother ship salmon and trout, base-operated salmon and trout drift nets, mother ship crab, mother ship bottom trawl, northern trawl, and mother ship whaling were all operated. However, the conclusion of the Japan-US-Canada Fisheries Treaty in 1952 forced Japan to renounce its fishing rights for halibut, herring, and salmon in the North Pacific Ocean east of 175 degrees west longitude under the pretext of "voluntary restraint," and the conclusion of the Japan-Soviet Fisheries Treaty in 1956 restricted the catch of salmon, trout, and crab in the North Pacific Ocean, so development was limited to certain restrictions. Thus, from the 1960s onwards, fishing efforts progressed mainly through bottom trawl and trawl fishing for cod and flatfish, which are not subject to treaty restrictions, and herring offshore gill net fishing west of 170 degrees east longitude. In particular, the development of technology for Alaska pollock paste as a raw material for kamaboko (fish cake), and the expansion of demand for it, led to a rapid increase in the catch of Alaska pollock, reaching 3 million tons in the early 1970s, accounting for one-third of Japan's total fisheries production.

In 1977, a 200-nautical mile fishing zone was established, and coastal countries began to exercise exclusive jurisdiction, forcing a major change in the production conditions of North Pacific fisheries. In other words, as most of the North Pacific waters were enclosed by the 200-nautical mile fishing zones of both Russia and the United States, North Pacific fisheries became a form of fishing in the 200-nautical mile zones of other countries, which led to the need for a new fisheries diplomacy. In 1984, the Japan-Soviet Offshore Fisheries Agreement was concluded, which allowed each country to fish in the other country's 200-nautical mile zone, and specific fishing grounds, fish species, and catch amounts were decided through annual negotiations. However, for salmon and trout, the previous system of quotas on offshore fishing in all waters of both countries was continued from the standpoint of resource conservation, and a separate fisheries cooperation fee was paid to Russia as compensation for fishing in Russian waters. In the US 200-mile waters, the Japan-US Fisheries Agreement determines fishing grounds, fish species, and catch quotas every year, and allows Japan to fish by paying a fixed fishing fee. However, both the US and Russia have imposed stricter fishing restrictions on Japan every year, with fishing fees and cooperation fees increasing and requests to purchase the catch at sea (joint venture method), leaving a situation with no clear prospects.

Then, under the US nationalization policy that prioritizes the development of its own fisheries, Japan's fishing quota within the 200-mile US waters was finally reduced to zero in 1988, and the practice of purchasing catches landed by US fishing boats at sea ended in 1991. Offshore salmon and trout fishing operations were completely suspended in 1992 under an international agreement on natal country principle (anadromous fish species belong to the country that owns the mother river they return to to spawn), and large squid drift net fishing, which had been conducted in the high seas of the North Pacific, also ended in 1992 due to the prohibition of fishing methods that affect the survival of other living things. As of 2001, North Pacific fishing continues on a small scale, focusing on demersal fish such as Alaska pollock and flatfish, as well as salmon and trout, with Japan paying fishing fees and cooperation fees, under agreements and discussions between Japan and Russia.

[Akira Nakai and Katsuji Hiroyoshi]

"The Economic Structure of North Pacific Fisheries" edited by Yasuo Kondo (1962, Ochanomizu Shobo) " "The North Pacific Fisheries in Crisis" by Hisashi Aoki (1977, Sanseido) "Structural Changes in North Pacific Fisheries" by Akira Nakai (1988, Seizando Shoten)

[References] | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea | Salmon and trout fishing | Japan-US Fisheries Agreement | Japan-Russia fisheries issues | Japan-Soviet Fisheries Cooperation Agreement | 200-nautical-mile fishing zone | Exclusive economic zone | Mother river nationalism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

北緯45度以北の太平洋、ベーリング海、オホーツク海などの北洋海域で操業される漁業の総称である。日露戦争終了後の1907年(明治40)日露漁業協約が締結され、沿海州(現沿海地方)、カムチャツカ沿岸において邦人によるサケ・マス定置網を主としたいわゆる露領漁業が本格的に開始されたのが北洋漁業の始まりであった。大正後期には母船式カニ漁業、昭和初期から母船式サケ・マス漁業、北千島サケ・マス流し網漁業が加わり、第二次世界大戦時まで広範な発展を示した。戦中・戦後は中断していたが、1952年(昭和27)に再開され、母船式サケ・マス、基地独航サケ・マス流し網、母船式カニ、母船式底引網、北方トロール、母船式捕鯨などが操業されることとなった。しかし、52年日米加漁業条約の締結によって、日本は「自発的抑止」という名目のもとに、西経175度以東の北太平洋海域でのオヒョウ、ニシン、サケの漁獲権を放棄させられ、56年には日ソ漁業条約の締結によって、北洋海域でのサケ・マス、カニの漁獲量が規制されるなど、一定の制約の下での発展であった。かくて、60年代以降は条約規制のないタラ・カレイ類を漁獲対象とする底引網・トロール漁業、東経170度以西のニシン沖刺網などを主体に漁獲努力が進展した。とくに、かまぼこ原料としてスケトウダラすり身が技術開発され、その需要が拡大したことにより、スケトウダラの漁獲が急激に増加し、70年代初期には300万トンに達し、日本漁業生産量全体の3分の1を占める状態となった。

 1977年から200海里漁業水域が設定され、沿岸国が排他的管轄権を行使するようになると、北洋漁業の生産条件は大変革を余儀なくされることになった。すなわち、北洋海域がほとんどロシア・アメリカ両国の200海里漁業水域に囲い込まれたことにより、北洋漁業は外国200海里水域への入漁という形になり、新たな漁業外交を必要とするに至った。ロシアとの関係は、1984年の日ソ地先沖合漁業協定によって、相互に相手国200海里水域へ入漁し、その具体的な漁場、魚種、漁獲量などを毎年交渉によって取り決める方式となった。ただし、サケ・マスについては、資源保護の立場から沖取漁業について両国全海域にわたり漁獲量割当制とする従来の方式が継続されるとともに、ロシア海域への入漁代償として漁業協力費を別途ロシアへ支払うことになった。アメリカ200海里水域では、日米漁業協定によって、毎年、漁場、魚種、漁獲量の割当てが決定され、一定の入漁料を支払って入漁する方式となった。しかし、アメリカ・ロシア両国とも日本に対する漁獲規制は年々厳しくなり、入漁料・協力費も増額されるとともに漁獲物の洋上買付け(合弁事業方式)を要請されるなど展望のみえない状態が続いた。

 そして、アメリカの自国漁業振興を優先する自国化政策のもと1988年以降、ついにアメリカの200海里水域内での日本の漁獲割当てはゼロとなり、またアメリカ漁船の水揚げを洋上で買い上げる漁獲物確保も1991年で終了した。サケ・マスの沖取り漁業については、母川国主義(遡河(そか)性魚種は、産卵のために回帰する母なる河川を有する国に帰属する)の国際的合意により、1992年以降操業は全面停止、北太平洋の公海域で行われてきた大型イカ流し網漁業もほかの生物の生存に影響を及ぼす漁法の禁止ということから1992年の操業で終了した。2001年(平成13)現在、北洋漁業は日本とロシアの取り決めと協議により、入漁料や協力費を負担しつつスケトウダラ、カレイ類などの底魚(そこうお)やサケ・マスなどを中心として細々と続けられている。

[中井 昭・廣吉勝治]

『近藤康男編『北洋漁業の経済構造』(1962・御茶の水書房)』『青木久著『危機に立つ北洋漁業』(1977・三省堂)』『中井昭著『北洋漁業の構造変化』(1988・成山堂書店)』

[参照項目] | 国連海洋法条約 | サケ・マス漁業 | 日米漁業協定 | 日ロ漁業問題 | 日ソ漁業協力協定 | 二〇〇海里漁業水域 | 排他的経済水域 | 母川国主義

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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