Forage crops grown as the main feed for livestock include pasture grasses and green crops, and pasture grasses are relatively small and grown in groups on grassland. Most of them are herbaceous plants belonging to the Poaceae and Fabaceae families. Pasture grasses are often selected and improved from wild plants that have flourished since the nomadic era and are known to be to the taste of livestock, and are the most important feed for herbivorous livestock such as cattle, horses, and sheep. Most pasture grasses are perennial herbaceous plants, and those selected for pasture have a strong regenerative ability and can withstand being cut or grazed several times throughout the year. Based on the way they grow, pasture grasses can be divided into upright types that grow tall and upright, and creeping types that creep low to the ground. The upright types are suitable for cutting, while the creeping types can withstand being trampled by livestock and are therefore suitable for grazing land. In other words, in terms of how they are used, the upright types are cut for use in hay and silage, while the creeping types are used for grazing in cultivated land and mountainous areas. Pasture grasses are further divided into ecological types based on their place of origin, into cold-tolerant types suited to cold regions, and warm-climate types that are resistant to high temperatures and dryness in summer and are suitable for warm regions. Cool-season grasses include orchard grass, Italian ryegrass, red clover, white clover, and alfalfa, which are grasses, and warm-season grasses include rhodes grass, bahia grass, and guinea grass, and sweet clover, crotalaria, and desmodium, which are legumes. Perennial grasses such as timothy (timothy grass), orchard grass, alfalfa, and white clover are suitable for pastures and hay fields, while annual grasses such as Italian ryegrass and vetch are suitable for field crops, and short-year grasses such as red clover are suitable for both. For hay and silage, upright grasses such as orchard grass are good, while creeping grasses such as red top and white clover are good for pastures, and there are intermediate grasses such as alfalfa that are suitable for both. Most of the pasture grasses cultivated in Japan are of foreign origin. In order to respond to the regional expansion of livestock farming, it is necessary to breed new pasture grass varieties suitable for each region. In Japan, full-scale breeding began in the late 1950s, and in 1964 (Showa 39), a pasture breeding system was established and designated pasture breeding test sites were established in each region of the country. Since 1965, many more new varieties have been introduced at these designated test sites, and as a result of selection and evaluation, many new varieties have been established and registered as pasture grass varieties. New varieties developed at national and public test sites and some private companies are commissioned to be propagated overseas as commercial seeds, and are then re-imported and widely supplied to farmers through domestic seed companies. Grasses are high in fiber and are essential as roughage for ruminant livestock. Legumes are rich in protein and minerals. Usually, the two are grown together in a mixed cultivation and harvested together. Mixed cultivation creates a symbiotic relationship through the supply of nitrogen by the legume root nodules, and has the advantage of increasing yields with less fertilizer than when sown alone. Also, mixing tall plants (top-grasses) with short plants (bottom-grasses) is rational as it increases the utilization of the land. Pasture grasses are often grown as undergrowth on sloping land and in orchards, and also play a role in soil conservation. [Nishida Toshiko and Hoshikawa Kiyochika] [References] | | | | |Title | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
家畜の主要な飼料として栽培されている飼料作物には、牧草と青刈り作物が含まれ、比較的小形で群として草地栽培されるものを牧草という。イネ科、マメ科に属する草本植物が多い。牧草は、遊牧時代からよく繁茂し、家畜の好みに適することが知られていた野草を選抜、改良したものが多く、ウシ、ウマ、ヒツジなどの草食家畜にとってもっともたいせつな飼料である。 牧草は、多くは多年生草本植物で、牧草として選抜されてきたものは再生能力が強く、1年のうち何回も刈り取られたり、放牧されたりしてもそれに耐える特性をもつ。牧草は、生育の形から、直立して草丈の高い立型と、地面を低くはう匍匐(ほふく)型に分けられる。立型は刈り取りに適し、匍匐型は家畜の踏みつけにも耐えるので放牧地に適する。すなわち、利用法の面からみれば、立型は乾草・サイレージ用の刈り取り型で、匍匐型は耕地・山地用の放牧型ということになる。牧草はさらに、発生地にしたがった生態型としては、寒冷地に適する耐寒性の強い寒地型と、夏の高温や乾燥に強く暖地に適する暖地型に区分される。 寒地型牧草はイネ科のオーチャードグラス、イタリアンライグラス、マメ科のアカクローバー、シロクローバー、アルファルファなどで、暖地型牧草にはイネ科のローズグラス、バヒアグラス、ギニアグラス、マメ科のスイートクローバー、クロタラリア、デスモディウムなどがある。牧草地や採草地には永年草のチモシー(オオアワガエリ)、オーチャードグラス、アルファルファ、シロクローバーが、畑作には一年草のイタリアンライグラス、ベッチ類が適し、アカクローバーのような短年草はそのいずれにも適する。乾草・サイレージ用にはオーチャードグラスのような立型が、放牧地にはレッドトップ、シロクローバーのような匍匐型がよく、またアルファルファのようにどちらにも適する中間型もある。 日本で栽培される牧草のほとんどは外国起源のものである。畜産の地域的広がりに対応していくためには、地域に適した牧草新品種の育種が必要である。日本では、1950年代後半から本格的な育種が始まり、1964年(昭和39)に牧草育種体制が整備され、全国各地域に牧草育種指定試験地が設置された。65年以降、これらの指定試験地では、さらに多くの新品種が導入され、選抜と評価が行われた結果、多くの新品種が成立し、牧草品種として登録されることになった。国公立の試験場および一部の民間会社で育成された新品種は、市販用種子として海外で委託増殖され、再輸入されて国内の種苗会社を通して農家に広く供給されている。 イネ科牧草は繊維が多く、反芻(はんすう)胃家畜の粗飼料として不可欠である。マメ科牧草はタンパク質や無機質に富む。普通は両者を混播(こんばん)栽培し、収穫もいっしょに行う。混播するとマメ科植物の根粒による窒素供給などを通して共生関係をもち、単播の場合よりも肥料が少なくて収量を増す利点もある。また、草丈の高いもの(上繁草)と低いもの(下繁草)を混播すると、土地の利用度が高くなり合理的である。牧草は傾斜地や果樹園に下草などとして栽培されることが多く、土壌保全の役割も担っている。 [西田恂子・星川清親] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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