A ranch is a place with pastures, barns, and other facilities necessary for raising and managing livestock, where the plant production of the land is converted into animal production by raising livestock. Generally, herbivorous livestock such as cattle, horses, and sheep are raised, but other livestock and poultry may also be raised in the same facility. Ranches are classified into the following types according to the purpose of raising livestock and the livestock they raise. One type is a breeding ranch (breeder) that raises excellent foundation livestock to improve and increase the livestock, and produces and supplies superior breeding stock. In Japan, there are few privately owned ranches, and most are public livestock improvement centers. The other type is a specialized ranch, which includes horse specialized ranches that produce race horses, milking specialized ranches that maintain operations only with milking cows to supply livestock products, beef cattle ranches, and sheep specialized ranches that raise sheep for wool and mutton production. However, those that do not produce any feed themselves, such as small-scale milking businesses near cities, cannot be called ranches. In contrast to these full-time farms, there are also farms that operate other sectors or livestock as side businesses or in a multi-business setting. Places that specialize in raising chickens are called breeding chicken farms or poultry farms, even if they meet the conditions for a farm, and are distinguished from farms. The main facilities of a ranch include barns for the livestock and associated barns for calving, rearing, and isolation, silos and other feed storage facilities and feed preparation rooms, paddocks, bathing areas, product processing and processing plants, and other buildings such as farm equipment sheds, compost sheds, and storage sheds. The most important facilities for a ranch are the grassland for feed production, the feed fields, and the pastures, which require fences, watering points, salting points, and shade forests. The size of a ranch varies depending on the type and number of livestock and the purpose of raising them, but large livestock such as cows and horses require one hectare per head, and if they are to be grazed, more than 30 ares of pasture per head are required. However, many ranches aimed at milking or fattening beef cattle are intensive. Suitable location conditions for a ranch include high dryness, good drainage, and a gentle slope (slopes of more than 30 degrees cannot be used for grazing land, and more than 40 degrees cannot be used for hayland), soil that is rich in lime and phosphate and not too acidic, a secured water source with plenty of clean water, convenience for transporting feed and products, and a climate that is suitable for the health of the livestock. "Pasture" can sometimes be read as "makiba," especially when used in literary expressions. [Nishida Tomoko] [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
牧野、畜舎、そのほか家畜の飼養管理に必要な設備のある場所で、そこで家畜を飼うことによって土地の生産する植物生産を動物生産に変換する所をいう。一般に草食家畜であるウシ、ウマ、ヒツジなどを飼育の対象とするが、そのほかの家畜や家禽(かきん)を同一施設内で飼うこともある。牧場は、家畜の飼養目的、飼養家畜によって次のような種類がある。一つは優秀な基礎畜を置いて家畜の改良、増殖を図り、優良種畜の生産と供給を行う種畜生産牧場(ブリーダー)で、日本では民有は少なく、公立の家畜改良センターが主体である。ほかの一つは専業牧場で、競走馬などを生産するウマ専業牧場、家畜の生産物を供給するものとして搾乳牛だけで経営を維持している搾乳専業牧場、肉牛専業牧場、羊毛や羊肉生産用のヒツジを飼養するヒツジ専業牧場などがある。ただし、都市近郊の小規模の搾乳業者のように、飼料の自給をまったく行っていないものは牧場とはいえない。これらの専業牧場に対して、ほかの部門、ほかの家畜と副業的ないし複合的に経営している牧場もある。とくにニワトリを専門に飼育する場所は、牧場としての条件を満たすものでも種鶏場あるいは養鶏場とよび、牧場と区別されている。 牧場のおもな施設としては、家畜を入れる畜舎とそれに付随する分娩(ぶんべん)用、育成用、隔離用などの畜舎、サイロなどの飼料庫および飼料調整室、パドック、水浴場、生産物処理・加工場、そのほか農機具舎、堆肥(たいひ)舎、収納庫などの建物がある。また牧場にとってもっとも重要な設備として、飼料生産場である採草地、飼料畑、それに放牧場があり、放牧地には牧柵(ぼくさく)、給水場、給塩場、庇陰(ひいん)林などが必要である。牧場の広さは家畜の種類や頭数、飼養目的などによって異なるが、ウシ、ウマなどの大家畜では1頭当り1ヘクタールが必要とされ、放牧する場合は1頭当り30アール以上の牧草地を必要とする。しかし搾乳や肉牛の肥育などを目的とした牧場では集約的なものが多い。 牧場に適した立地条件は、高燥で排水がよく傾斜が少ないこと(放牧場として30度以上、採草地として40度以上の斜面は利用できない)、石灰・リン酸に富み、あまり酸性の強くない土質であること、水源が確保されていて多量の清水が得られること、飼料や生産物の運搬などに便利であること、家畜の健康に適した気候であること、などである。 「牧場」は、とくに文学的表現をされるとき、「まきば」と読まれることもある。 [西田恂子] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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