A mythology of the North Germanic people, based on the "Edda" and "Snorri's Edda". Strictly speaking, it is sometimes called "Edda mythology". Since the complete picture of Germanic mythology cannot be grasped due to lack of materials, it is necessary to understand its outline using Norse mythology. The original sources of Norse mythology are the epic poem "Poetic Edda" created around the 9th to 12th centuries and "Snorri's Edda" (Proto-Edda) written by Snorri Sturluson of Iceland, but since the contents are incomplete and there are discrepancies between the two, it is difficult to obtain a coherent and unified picture of the whole mythology. Therefore, even when taking the rise of the divinity of the chief god Odin as an example, we must consider the historical background of the expansion of royal power and the improvement of the status of warriors. In addition, since the Edda songs were created at various times, we must also consider the inclusion of elements other than the original elements and the influence of Christianity. If we consider the characteristics of Norse mythology from this perspective, we can see that it is bold, tragic, violent and dark. It is in stark contrast to the graceful, light-hearted and humane content of Greek mythology, and it reflects the nature of Scandinavia and the ethnic character of the Germanic people. [Yukio Taniguchi] The Beginning of the WorldIn ancient times, there was no sand, no sea, no cold waves. There was no earth, no sky, only the mouth of the abyss, and no grass grew anywhere. South of the mouth of the abyss is the burning country of Muspelsheim, guarded by a man named Surt. He holds a flaming sword, and at the end of the world, he will burn the world to the ground. Meanwhile, on the north side of the mouth of the abyss lies Niflheim, a land of ice and frost, where a stream of poisonous liquid pours into the mouth of the abyss. The hot wind from Muspelsheim and the frost from Niflheim collide, and the resulting drops come to life through the power of the one who sends heat, giving birth to the giant Ymir. From this Ymir the frost giants are derived. Ymir is nourished by the milk of a cow, which was also born from the drops, and while the cow is licking a salty frost-covered stone, a human being emerges. This human, called Buri, has a son called Bor, who in turn marries a giant's daughter and has three sons, Odin, Bili, and Be. The Asadi are derived from them. Bor's sons slay the giant Ymir and carry his corpse to the mouth of the abyss, and from it they make the earth, the seas, lakes, and rivers from his blood, the rocks from his bones, and the trees and grass from his hair. They also made the skull into the sky, and threw the brains they had taken into the air to make clouds. One day, the Asa gods were walking along the seashore when they came across two trees from which they created humans. Odin gave them breath and life, Vili gave them wisdom and movement, and Be gave them faces, speech, ears, and eyes. The male was called Askr, and the female was called Embla, and from these the human race was born. The gods also created dwarfs from the maggots that wriggled in Ymir's flesh. The dwarfs are small and ugly, but they live underground and among the rocks, and are skilled in blacksmithing, making fine weapons and beautiful ornaments. The gods also created fairies. A deep sea surrounds the round earth, and evil giants live in Jotunheimr and Utgard along the coast. The Asa gods used Ymir's eyelashes to build a rampart inside the earth, and humans found a place to live inside. The Asa gods built a bridge from earth to heaven, called Bilrost, which is now called the rainbow. The sons of Bor also created the heavens. They caught the sparks that flew from Muspelsheim and placed them in the middle of the sky, directly above the abyss, so that they could light up the sky and the earth. The sun and moon rush in fear because two giants in the form of wolves are chasing them and trying to swallow them. Besides the Asagami, there is the Vanir who live in Vanaheim and are especially in control of the elements. At one time, a conflict arose between the Asagami and the Vanir, but they made peace by offering each other hostages. [Yukio Taniguchi] World of the GodsThe Asgards live in Asgard, in the center of the world. There stands a great ash tree called Yggdrasil, whose branches reach the heavens over the whole world, and whose three roots reach Niflheim and the land of the gods. Under the roots of the land of the giants is the spring of wisdom, and under the roots of the land of the gods is another spring, where the three goddesses of fate who live there determine the fate of humans and gods. Odin, the supreme god of the Asgards, lives in Valhalla, where he holds a feast for the Asgards and Einherjar, the fallen warriors. Odin is also the god of war and death, but he is also the god of wisdom because he drank the water from the spring of wisdom by pawning one of his eyes, and he teaches letters and magic. He is also the god of poetry because he stole the poet's mead from the giants. Thor, the protector of the gods and humans and who always fights the giants, rides through the sky in a chariot pulled by two goats, and people call the tremendous sound he makes at that time thunder. Thor's three treasures, his hammer, his belt, and his iron gloves, were indispensable weapons for defeating the giants. When the gods tricked the wolf Fenrir into putting him in chains, Tyr, the bravest of the Asa gods, put his hand in the wolf's mouth as a guarantee and lost one of his hands. There are many other gods, such as Njord, the god who controls the movement of the wind, Njord's son Frey, who is in charge of fertility and human happiness, and the goddess Frigg, but one who cannot be overlooked is Balder, the god of light. Balder is the son of Odin and Frigg, and is considered the most beautiful of the gods, as well as the most kind, wise, and eloquent. One day, Balder's mother Frigg had a dream that affected Balder's life, and made him swear not to lay a finger on anything on earth. However, the evil god Loki, who did not swear, turned mistletoe, which he did not swear to, into an arrow and had his brother Hodr shoot it, killing Balder. Originally born as a giant, Loki joined the Asa tribe and was cunning, and had three children: Fenrir, the monster wolf that brings about terrible disasters, the Midgard serpent, and Hel, the goddess of death. When the gods found out about Loki's murder, they were so angry that they captured him and had him tied to a rock until the end of the world. [Yukio Taniguchi] End of the World (Ragnarok)The whole world, both men and gods and giants, will be destroyed in Ragnarok. First there are many prophecies and ominous omens, three terrible winters in a row, and the wolves swallow the sun and the moon. The stars fall from the sky, the earth and the mountains tremble, trees are uprooted, mountains crumble, and all fetters and restrictions are released. The monster wolf Fenrir becomes free, opens his mouth that reaches the sky, spews fire from his eyes and nose, and approaches. The Midgard Serpent surges onto the land with a raging wave, ships carrying the army of the dead come from the north, and the army of Muspelsheim crosses the sea from the east. In the roar of battle, the sky splits, and Surt, his sword shining, leads the army, but as they cross the bridge of Bilrost, it crumbles. When Heimdallr arrives, he blows his horn with all his might, awakening all the gods, who then assemble. The World Tree trembles, and the heavens and the earth are filled with fear. Asa and his dead warriors put on their armor and march to the battlefield. Odin, wearing a golden helmet and holding a spear, leads the way, fighting the wolf Fenrir, Thor against the serpent, Frey against Surt, Heimdall against Loki, and Tyr against the dog of the underworld. After a fierce battle, Frey is defeated by Surt, and Tyr and the dog die in a mutual kill. Heimdallr and Thor also die in a mutual kill, but Thor, having sacrificed the serpent, falls from the poison sprayed on him. The wolf swallows Odin, but before he can do anything, his son Bethar tears open the wolf's mouth. When Surt casts flames on the earth and burns the whole world, the earth sinks into the sea, the flames and smoke rage, and the flames lick the sky. After a fierce battle, the world is destroyed, but in the Edda, a beautiful green earth will rise from the sea, and the surviving gods and humans will live in this new world and live happily forever, as predicted by a priestess. [Yukio Taniguchi] "Edda - A Collection of Ancient Nordic Songs" translated by Yukio Taniguchi (1973, Shinchosha) " "Ancient Nordic Religion and Mythology" by Folke Ström, translated by Kuniki Sugawara (1982, Jinbun Shoin) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
『エッダ』および『スノッリのエッダ』を根本資料とする北ゲルマン人のもっていた神話。厳密には「エッダ神話」という表現をとることもある。ゲルマン神話の全貌(ぜんぼう)は資料を欠くため、つかめないので、北欧神話をもってその概略を理解するほかはない。北欧神話の根本資料は、9~12世紀ごろにつくられた叙事詩『古エッダ』と、アイスランドのスノッリ・スツルソンが著した『スノッリのエッダ』(新エッダ)であるが、それらは内容が不備なうえ、両者間の不一致もみられるため、首尾一貫した統一的な神話の全貌を得ることはむずかしい。したがって主神オーディンの神格の上昇一つを例にとってみても、王権の拡大や戦士の地位の向上という時代背景を考えなければならない。また成立時代がまちまちなエッダ歌謡には、固有の要素以外のものの混入やキリスト教からの影響も考慮しなければならない。このような前提にたって北欧神話の特質を考えてみると、それはあくまで豪快かつ悲劇的であり、荒々しくて暗い。ギリシア神話の優美で軽快な、しかも人間味あふれる内容と比べるとまさに対照的で、北欧の自然とゲルマン人の民族性がよく反映されている。 [谷口幸男] 世界の始まり太古には砂もなければ海もなく、冷たい波もなかった。そして大地もなければ天もなく、奈落(ならく)の口があるばかりで、まだどこにも草は生えていなかった。奈落の口の南には火炎をあげて燃え上がる国ムスペルスヘイムがあり、スルトという者がそこの警護にあたっている。彼は燃え盛る剣を手にし、世界の終末には世界を火で焼き尽くす。 一方、奈落の口の北側には氷と霜の国ニフルヘイムがあり、毒液の流れが奈落の口に注いでいる。ムスペルスヘイムからの熱風と、ニフルヘイムの霜とがぶつかってできた滴が熱を送る者の力によって生命を得、巨人イミルが誕生する。そしてこのイミルから霜の巨人族は由来する。イミルは、同じように滴から誕生した牝牛(めうし)の乳に養われるが、牝牛が塩辛い霜で覆われた石をなめているうちに人間が出てきた。この人間はブーリといって、ボルという息子を得たが、さらにボルは巨人の娘をめとってオーディン、ビリ、ベーの3人の男子をもうけた。アサ神族は彼らから由来する。ボルの息子たちは、巨人イミルを殺してその死体を奈落の口に運び、それから大地を、血からは海と湖と川を、骨からは岩を、髪からは木々と草をつくった。また頭蓋骨(ずがいこつ)を天にし、つかんだ脳みそを空中に投げて雲とした。ある日、このアサ神たちは海岸を歩いていて二つの木をみつけ、それから人間をつくった。オーディンは息と生命を、ビリは知恵と運動を、ベーは顔とことば、耳、目を与えた。男はアスク、女はエムブラとよばれ、これから人類が発生した。 さらに神々は、イミルの肉の中にうごめくウジから小人をつくった。小人は姿は小さく醜いが、地中や岩の間に住み、鍛冶(かじ)に長じてよい武器やみごとな装飾品をつくる。神々はまた妖精(ようせい)たちもつくった。円い大地の周りには深い海が取り巻いており、海岸沿いのヨツンヘイムとウートガルズには悪い巨人が住む。アサ神たちはイミルのまつげを使って大地の内部に塁壁をつくり、その内部に人間たちは居住地を得た。アサ神たちは、地上から天にビルロストという橋を架けたが、虹(にじ)とよばれているのがそれである。ボルの子らはまた天体もつくった。ムスペルスヘイムから飛んでくる火花をとらえ、天空と地上を照らすように、奈落の真上の天の中ほどに置いた。太陽と月がおびえるように急ぐのは、オオカミの姿をした2人の巨人がこれを追いかけ、飲み込もうとしているからである。アサ神族のほかにはバナヘイムに住むバニル神族がおり、ことに自然力を支配している。そしてあるときアサ神族とバニル神族の間に争いが起こるが、互いに人質を差し出すことで和睦(わぼく)を結んだ。 [谷口幸男] 神々の世界アサ神たちは世界の真ん中にあるアースガルズに住む。そこにはイグドラシルというトネリコの大樹がそびえており、その枝は全世界の上に広がって天に達し、また三つの根がそれぞれ神々と巨人の国とニフルヘイムに達する。巨人国の根の下には知恵の泉があるが、神々の国の根の下にも泉があり、そこに住む3人の運命の女神が人間と神々の運命を定める。アサ神のなかの最高神オーディンはワルハラに住み、そこでアサ神やエインヘルヤルとよばれる戦死者のために祝宴を開く。またオーディンは軍神であり、死の神でもあるが、片方の目を担保に知恵の泉の水を飲んだため知恵の神でもあり、文字や魔法を教える。そして巨人から秘蔵の詩人の蜜(みつ)酒を盗んだため、詩の神でもある。神々と人間の守護者でいつも巨人と戦うトールは、2頭のヤギに引かせた車に乗って空を駆けるが、人はそのときのすさまじい響きを雷鳴とよんでいる。トールのもつ槌(つち)と力帯、鉄の手袋の三つの宝は、巨人退治になくてはならない武器である。アサ神のうちでいちばん勇気のある神チュールは、神々が怪狼(かいろう)フェンリルをだまして足枷(あしかせ)をつけたとき、保証としてオオカミの口中に自分の手を突っ込んで片方の手を失った。 そのほかに風の動きを支配する神ニョルドや、豊饒(ほうじょう)と人間の幸福をつかさどるニョルドの子フレイ、女神フリッグなど神々は多いが、逸することのできないのが光の神バルドルである。バルドルはオーディンとフリッグの子で、神々のうちもっとも美しく、また善良で賢いうえに雄弁の神とされた。あるとき、バルドルの生命にかかわる夢をみた母フリッグは、地上のあらゆるものにバルドルに指1本触れないことを誓わせる。ところが悪神ロキは、誓いをしなかったヤドリギを矢に変えて弟のホズルに射させ、バルドルを殺してしまう。もとは巨人の生まれであったが、アサ神族の仲間に入ったロキは悪知恵にたけ、まがまがしい災難を生む怪狼フェンリル、ミドガルドの大蛇、死の女神ヘルの3人の子をもつ。そのためバルドル殺害を知って激怒した神々は、ロキを捕らえて世界の終末まで岩に縛り付けた。 [谷口幸男] 世界の終末(ラグナレク)全世界、つまり人も神々も巨人もすべてがラグナレクに滅びることになる。まず多くの予言と不吉な前兆があり、恐ろしい冬が三度も続いて到来し、オオカミどもが太陽と月を飲み込む。星々は天から落ち、大地と山々は震え、木々は根こそぎとなって山は崩れ、すべての足枷といましめが解かれる。怪狼フェンリルは自由の身となり、天にまで届く大口を開けて目と鼻から火を噴き出し、肉迫する。ミドガルドの大蛇は怒濤(どとう)とともに陸に押し寄せ、北からは死者の軍勢を乗せた船がやってきて、東からはムスペルスヘイムの軍勢が海原を渡ってくる。戦(いくさ)のどよめきのなかで天は裂け、剣をきらめかせたスルトがその軍勢の先頭にたつが、彼らがビルロストの橋を渡ると橋は砕け落ちる。ヘイムダルはここに至ると、力の限り角笛(つのぶえ)を吹いて神々全員を目覚めさせ、神々は集合する。世界樹は震え、天も地も恐怖に包まれ、アサ神と死せる戦士たちは甲冑(かっちゅう)に身を固めて戦場に進む。黄金の兜(かぶと)をいただき槍(やり)を手にしたオーディンは、先頭を切って進み怪狼フェンリルと、トールは大蛇を相手に、フレイはスルト、ヘイムダルはロキと、チュールは冥府(めいふ)のイヌとそれぞれ戦う。死闘のすえフレイはスルトに倒され、チュールとイヌは相討ちで果てる。ヘイムダルとトールも同じく相討ちとなるが、トールは大蛇を血祭りにあげたものの吹きかけられた毒のために倒れる。オオカミはオーディンを飲み込むが、間髪を入れずその子ビーザルがオオカミの口を引き裂く。スルトが大地の上に火炎を投げて全世界を焼き尽くすと、大地は海に没し、炎と煙は猛威を奮い、火炎が天をなめる。凄絶(せいぜつ)な戦いののちにこの世は滅びるが、『エッダ』ではそのあとのことについて、海中から美しい緑の大地が浮かび上がり、その新しい世界には生き残った神々と人類が住み、永遠に幸福な生活を送ることになるであろう、と巫女(みこ)が予言するところで終わっている。 [谷口幸男] 『谷口幸男訳『エッダ――古代北欧歌謡集』(1973・新潮社)』▽『フォルケ・ストレム著、菅原邦城訳『古代北欧の宗教と神話』(1982・人文書院)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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