Carrier - carrier

Japanese: 保菌者 - ほきんしゃ
Carrier - carrier

It refers to a person who carries within their body the pathogens of a certain infectious disease, shows no visible or subjective symptoms, and yet has the potential to be a source of infection for that infectious disease. The Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act uses the term "asymptomatic pathogen carriers" and treats them similarly to patients, but this was called out of a need to include carriers of viruses, rickettsiae, and other pathogens other than pathogenic bacteria, as the literal interpretation of "carrier" only applies to pathogenic bacteria. However, in general, without being concerned about the literal meaning, "carrier" is often used in a broad sense and treated as synonymous with asymptomatic pathogen carriers.

When a pathogen invades and grows, causing a disease, not only do symptoms disappear through treatment or natural recovery, but the disease can only be cured completely when all pathogens are killed. However, sometimes, even after symptoms have completely disappeared, the pathogens remain in some part of the body and the person becomes a carrier. In this case, the person is called a post-illness carrier or a convalescent carrier, and is most common in typhoid fever, but is also found in paratyphoid and dysentery. In addition, it is quite common for a person to become a carrier through asymptomatic infection, in which the person is infected but shows no symptoms. In this case, the person is called a healthy carrier, and is seen in streptococci, pneumococci, diphtheria bacteria, syphilis spirochetes, and Japanese encephalitis virus. If the person excretes bacteria during the incubation period, they are called a latent carrier. Depending on the period of infection, carriers can be divided into transient carriers and long-term carriers. In the case of a biliary carrier of the typhoid bacillus, the bacteria invades the gallstones and causes a carrier state, constantly contaminating the bile. If left untreated, the bacteria will continue to be excreted in the feces. In this case, the person is called a long-term biliary carrier, and is an extremely important source of infection for typhoid fever.

In most cases, carriers excrete far less bacteria than patients, and are less likely to infect others, but because they are often unaware that they are excreting the bacteria, it is easy for carriers to spread infectious diseases to areas where they are not yet endemic, or for carriers to become a source of infection and spread the disease. Therefore, discovering carriers (mainly stool tests) and dealing with them is extremely important in terms of disease prevention.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

[Reference item] | Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act | Infectious diseases

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある種の伝染病の病原体を体内に保有し、外見上また自覚的にもなんら症状を示さず、しかもその伝染病の感染源となる可能性をもっている人をいう。感染症予防・医療法(感染症法)では「無症状病原体保有者」という用語を使い、患者に準じて扱うことになっているが、これは「保菌者」では文字どおりに解釈すると病原細菌だけが対象となるため、ウイルスやリケッチアなど病原細菌以外の保有者も含める必要からよばれたものである。しかし、一般には字義にこだわらず、「保菌者」を広義に使用して無症状病原体保有者と同義に扱っている場合が多い。

 病原体が侵入・増殖して発病した場合、治療あるいは自然治癒によって諸症状が消失するだけでなく、病原体がことごとく死滅して初めて病気が完全に治ったことになるわけであるが、ときには症状がすっかりなくなったのちも、体内の一部に病原体が残留して保菌者となることがある。この場合は病後保菌者または回復期保菌者といい、腸チフスにもっとも多くみられ、パラチフスや赤痢などにもある。また、感染しながら症状を示さない不顕性感染によって保菌者となることもかなり多く、この場合は健康保菌者とよばれ、連鎖球菌、肺炎菌、ジフテリア菌のほか、梅毒スピロヘータや日本脳炎ウイルスなどにみられる。なお、潜伏期間中に排菌が認められる場合は、潜伏期保菌者という。保菌者を期間によって一過性保菌者と長期保菌者に分けることもある。チフス菌の胆道系保菌者の場合、胆石内部に侵入して保菌状態となり、絶えず胆汁を汚染し、放置すると永続的に糞便(ふんべん)中に排菌し続けるが、この場合を胆道系長期保菌者といい、腸チフスの感染源としてきわめて重要である。

 保菌者が排出する菌量は、多くの場合患者よりはるかに少なく、他に感染させる力も弱いが、排菌していることを自他ともに認識していない場合が多いので、未流行地へ保菌者によって伝染病が侵入したり、保菌者を感染源として広がりやすい。したがって、保菌者の発見(おもに検便)とその処置は防疫上きわめて重要なことである。

[柳下徳雄]

[参照項目] | 感染症予防・医療法 | 伝染病

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