Bowen, Norman L.

Japanese: ボーエン(英語表記)Bowen, Norman L.
Bowen, Norman L.
Born June 21, 1887 in Kingston, Canada
Died: September 11, 1956, Washington, DC, United States
Canadian geologist and experimental petrologist. Full name Norman Levi Bowen. One of the most important pioneers in the field of experimental research on the origin and chemical composition of rocks. He proposed the theory of reaction series regarding the crystallization of rock-forming minerals during the formation of igneous rocks from magma, and explained the diversity of igneous rocks. The crystallization differentiation of magma based on reaction series became the theoretical basis for the origin of igneous rocks. He studied chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at Queen's University in Kingston, and obtained two degrees by 1909. In 1912, he obtained his doctorate from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In the same year, he began working as an assistant petrologist at the geophysical laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, where he spent the majority of his career. By 1915, he had conducted a series of experimental studies of crucial importance to petrology, and at the age of 28, he wrote an excellent paper entitled "The Later Stages of the Evolution of the Igneous Rock" (1915). In 1919, he became a professor of mineralogy at Queen's University, but returned to the Carnegie Institution two years later. He spent the next 16 years studying silicate minerals, applying experimental physicochemical data to petrology, and visiting sites rich in samples such as the Bushveld in southern Africa, the alkaline lava fields of East Africa, and the peridotite fields of the Isle of Skye in Scotland. In 1928, the contents of the lectures Bowen gave at Princeton University in the spring of 1927 were published as The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks. He then worked on the study of silicate systems containing iron oxides in collaboration with J. Frank Shaler, a capable young man who had joined him from Yale University. From 1937 to 1947, he taught at the University of Chicago, where he gave a course on experimental petrology, and in 1945 he published a paper on the origin and differentiation of basic rocks. After World War II, he returned to the Carnegie Institution for Science in 1947, where he conducted research on mineral systems surrounding volatile substances such as water, culminating in a book (1958) with collaborator O. Frank Tuttle on granitic systems.

Bowen
Bowen, Elizabeth

Born: June 7, 1899 in Dublin
[Died] February 22, 1973, London. British female writer. She depicted the psychology of modern people using traditional novel techniques. Her major works include The Last September (1929), To the North (32), The House in Paris (35), The Death of the Heart (38), The Heat of the Day (49), and the critique English Novelists (42).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1887.6.21. カナダ,キングストン
[没]1956.9.11. アメリカ合衆国,ワシントンD.C.
カナダの地質学者,実験岩石学者。フルネーム Norman Levi Bowen。岩石の起源と化学組成に関する実験的研究の分野で最も重要な先駆者の一人。マグマから火成岩ができる際の造岩鉱物の晶出について,反応系列 reaction seriesの学説を唱え,火成岩の多様性を説明した。反応系列に基づくマグマの結晶分化作用は火成岩の成因に関する理論的基礎となった。キングストンのクイーンズ大学で化学,鉱物学,地質学を学び,1909年までに二つの学位を取得。1912年マサチューセッツ工科大学 MITで博士号を取得。同年ワシントンD.C.のカーネギー研究所の地球物理学実験室に岩石学の助手として勤務,そこでキャリアの大半を過ごす。1915年までに岩石学にとって決定的に重要な一連の実験研究を行ない,28歳にして「火成岩の進化の後期」The Later Stages of the Evolution of the Igneous Rock(1915)と題する優れた論文を書き上げた。1919年母校クイーンズ大学の鉱物学教授に就任したが,2年後にカーネギー研究所に復帰,のちの 16年間をケイ酸塩鉱物の研究に費やし,実験的な物理化学的データを岩石学に応用,サンプルが豊富なアフリカ南部のブッシュベルドや東アフリカのアルカリ質溶岩地帯,スコットランドのスカイ島の橄欖岩地帯などを熱心に訪れた。1928年,ボーエンが 1927年の春にプリンストン大学で行なった講義の内容が,『火成岩の進化』The Evolution of the Igneous Rocksとして出版された。その後エール大学から研究に加わった若く有能な J.フランク・シェイラーと共同で,酸化鉄を含むケイ酸塩系の研究に取り組んだ。1937~47年シカゴ大学で教鞭をとり,実験岩石学の講座を開き,1945年には塩基性岩の起源や結晶分化作用に関する論文をまとめた。第2次世界大戦後の 1947年にカーネギー研究所に復帰,水などの揮発性物質を取り囲む鉱物系の研究を行ない,共同研究者 O.フランク・タトルとの花崗岩系に関する共著(1958)で実を結んだ。

ボーエン
Bowen, Elizabeth

[生]1899.6.7. ダブリン
[没]1973.2.22. ロンドン
イギリスの女流作家。伝統的な小説技法によって現代人の心理を描いた。主要作品は『過ぎし九月』 The Last September (1929) ,『北へ』 To the North (32) ,『パリの家』 The House in Paris (35) ,『心の死』 The Death of the Heart (38) ,『日盛り』 The Heat of the Day (49) ,評論『イギリスの小説家』 English Novelists (42) 。

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