Profiteering - profiteering

Japanese: 暴利行為 - ぼうりこうい
Profiteering - profiteering

Usury is a legal act (such as a contract) in which one takes advantage of the other party's hardship, recklessness, or ignorance, and promises or actually makes the other party provide a financial benefit that is significantly disproportionate to the contribution one has made. Usury is invalid under the law to prevent the economically stronger from unilaterally exploiting the weaker.

Section 138, paragraph 2 of the German Civil Code explicitly stipulates that profiteering is invalid. There is no explicit provision in Japan's Civil Code, but Article 90 of the Civil Code stipulates that "Any legal act whose purpose is contrary to the public order or good morals is invalid," and profiteering is also interpreted as an act that goes against "public order or good morals" (public order and good morals).

Modern civil law regards the principle of private autonomy as the most basic guiding principle, along with the principle of equality under the law and the principle of respect for private property. The principle of private autonomy is the idea that citizens can freely form legal relationships with each other according to their own will, and therefore must take responsibility for their own decision-making actions. As a concrete system of this principle, the Civil Code recognizes the principle of freedom of legal acts (also called the principle of freedom of contract), which states that any legal act (contract) can be freely performed as long as it does not violate "public order and good morals." "Public order" refers to the general order of the nation and society, and "good morals" refers to the general moral or ethical concepts that are widely accepted in society, and the two are collectively referred to as "social appropriateness." Therefore, legal acts are invalid if they violate social appropriateness, and valid as long as they do not violate it.

Acts that go against "public order and morals" can be broadly divided into two categories. The first category includes acts whose content is socially inappropriate, such as gambling, criminal acts like drug trafficking and collusion in contracts, and acts that go against monogamy, such as concubinage. The second category includes acts whose motives are not necessarily socially appropriate (such as borrowing money for smuggling) and profiteering. For an act to be considered as profiteering and against "public order and morals," it must:
(1) Taking advantage of the distress, recklessness or ignorance of the other party;
(2) The benefits offered to the parties are significantly disproportionate in terms of financial assets (aiming to obtain exorbitant profits).

Representative examples of usury that have been recognized by the courts so far include the pre-arrangement of payment in kind, which promises in advance the provision of real estate worth several times the amount of the debt in order to repay the debt, and the joint guarantee contract, in which the manager of a club makes the hostess assume unpaid amounts from customers and places heavy responsibility on them in order to obtain undue profits by using his superior position, and all of these have been declared invalid. Incidentally, while the excessive charging of high interest rates by a loan shark is undoubtedly usury, the Interest Rate Restriction Law has been enacted to crack down on usury, making such contracts invalid.

[Yashiro Takamori]

"General Provisions of Civil Law by Kazuo Shinomiya (4th edition) (1986, Kobundo)"

[Reference items] | Public order and morals | Usury|Payment in kind | Interest Restriction Act

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

暴利行為とは、相手方の窮迫、軽率または無知に乗じ、自己のした給付に比し著しく不相当な財産的利益の供与を相手方と約束しまたは相手方をして現実に供与させる法律行為(契約など)をいう。暴利行為は、経済的強者が弱者を一方的に搾取するのを防止するために、法律上無効とされている。

 ドイツ民法138条2項は明文で暴利行為を無効であると規定している。わが国の民法には明文の規定はないが、民法90条には「公ノ秩序又ハ善良ノ風俗ニ反スル事項ヲ目的トスル法律行為ハ無効トス」と定めており、暴利行為も「公ノ秩序又ハ善良ノ風俗」(公序良俗)に反する行為であると解されている。

 近代市民法は、法の下の平等の原則、私有財産尊重の原則と並んで私的自治の原則をもっとも基本的な指導原理としている。私的自治の原則とは、市民相互間においては自己の意思に従って自由に法律関係を形成することができ、それゆえに自己の意思決定行為には責任を負わなければならないという思想のことであり、この原則の具体的制度として、民法は「公序良俗」に反しないかぎりどのような内容の法律行為(契約)でも自由に行うことができるという法律行為自由の原則(契約自由の原則ともいう)を認めている。「公序」とは国家社会の一般的秩序をいい、「良俗」とは社会に広く通用している一般的道徳観念ないし倫理観をさしており、両者をまとめて「社会的妥当性」といわれている。それゆえ、法律行為は社会的妥当性に反するならば無効であり、反しない限り有効である。

 「公序良俗」に反する行為は大きく二つに分かれる。一つは、その内容自体が社会的にみて妥当でないもの、たとえば賭博(とばく)行為、麻薬取引や請負における談合行為のように犯罪となる行為とか妾(めかけ)契約のような一夫一婦制に反する行為などである。二つめは、行為それ自体はかならずしも社会的妥当性に反していないが動機が不法な行為(密輸のために金を借りることなど)と暴利行為である。ある行為が暴利行為として「公序良俗」に反すると評価されるためには、
(1)相手方の窮迫、軽率または無知に乗じている(つけこんでいる)こと、
(2)当事者間の給付内容が財産的にみて著しく不均衡である(法外な利益の取得を目ざしている)こと
という二つの要素が含まれていなければならない。

 これまで裁判所によって暴利行為と認められた代表的なものは、借金の弁済のため数倍もする不動産の提供をあらかじめ約束する代物弁済予約、さらにクラブの経営者が優越的地位を利用して不当な利益を得るためにホステスに顧客の未払金を引受けさせ苛酷(かこく)な責任を負わせる連帯保証契約などであり、いずれも無効とされている。なお、高利貸が不当な高利をむさぼることは暴利行為にはちがいないが、高利取締りのためには利息制限法が制定されているので、それによって無効となる。

[髙森八四郎]

『四宮和夫著『民法総則』(第4版)(1986・弘文堂)』

[参照項目] | 公序良俗 | 高利貸 | 代物弁済 | 利息制限法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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