Persecution - Hounan

Japanese: 法難 - ほうなん
Persecution - Hounan

This refers to persecution or oppression suffered by the Buddhist world as a whole, each Buddhist sect, or individual Buddhists. From the victim's perspective, it means "disaster for Buddhism." The greatest persecution is the abolition of Buddhism (Habutsu) carried out at a national level. It can take the form of being caused by those in power themselves, or by a specific individual or group influencing those in power. Persecution also means that the certainty of the faith and enlightenment of Buddhists within the scope of its reach is called into question, and those with unwavering beliefs often resist violently or become martyrs.

[Kimura Kiyotaka]

India

The greatest persecution in the history of Indian Buddhism was the persecution of Buddhism by Muslims in the early 13th century. This resulted in the destruction of the Vikramashila Temple and the massacre of tens of thousands of Buddhists, dealing a devastating blow to the already weak Buddhist sect and resulting in the loss of many Buddhist cultural assets.

[Kimura Kiyotaka]

China

In China, the so-called "Three Wus and One Zong Persecutions" are representative: the abolition of Buddhism in 446 (Taiping Zhenjun 7) by Emperor Wu of the Northern Wei dynasty, the abolition of Buddhism by Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou dynasty from 574 (Jiande 3) onwards, the abolition of Buddhism by Emperor Wuzong of the Tang dynasty from 842 (Huichang 2) to 845, and the abolition of Buddhism by Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou dynasty in 955 (Xiande 2). These persecutors launched a fairly thorough campaign to reject Buddhism, mainly due to the pressure on national finances caused by the increase in the number of monks and nuns, the corruption of religious organizations, and the superstition of Buddhist thought, destroying large numbers of temples and Buddhist statues and forcing many monks and nuns to return to secular life.

[Kimura Kiyotaka]

Korea

The greatest persecution of Korean Buddhism occurred during the Yi dynasty. In particular, the third king, Taejong (reigned 1401-1418), advocated the reduction of temple monks' and nuns' altars, the return to secular life, and the nationalization of temple land, based on the Confucian rationalist stance that gods and Buddhas had no merit. This policy of anti-Buddhism during the Yi dynasty is noteworthy as setting the tone for the persecution of Buddhism.

[Kimura Kiyotaka]

Japan

The persecutions that the Buddhist community as a whole suffered in Japan were, first, the series of persecutions of Buddhism that began with the burning of Mount Hiei in 1571 (Genki 2) by Oda Nobunaga during the Warring States period, and secondly, the anti-Buddhist movement across the country that followed the separation of Shinto and Buddhism in 1868 (Keio 4) as part of the religious policy of the Meiji Restoration government. However, there were more than a few other persecutions of specific sects. The main ones were the persecution of the Jodo sect in the Kamakura period (the Shogen and Karoku persecutions) based on pressure from the old Buddhism side, the four major persecutions suffered by Nichiren personally, and the persecution of the Fujufuse sect in the Edo period (the Kanbun and Tenpo persecutions).

[Kimura Kiyotaka]

[References] | Sanbuichishu persecution | Separation of Shinto and Buddhism | Abolition of Buddhism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

仏教界全体、仏教の各宗派、あるいは仏教者個人が受ける迫害や弾圧のこと。被害者側からの表現で、「仏法の災難」の意。国家的レベルにおいて行われる廃仏(破仏)が最大の法難であるといえよう。形態としては、権力者自身によって引き起こされる場合と、特定の個人または集団が権力者を動かすことによってもたらされる場合とがある。また法難は、それが及ぶ範囲の仏教者の信仰や悟りの確かさを問うという意味をもち、不動の信念をもつ者は激しく抵抗したり殉教したりする場合が多い。

[木村清孝]

インド

インド仏教史上の最大の法難は、13世紀初頭のイスラム教徒による廃仏である。これによってビクラマシラー寺院が破壊され、数万の仏教徒が虐殺されるなど、当時すでに力の衰えていた仏教教団は壊滅的な打撃を受け、また多くの仏教文化財が失われた。

[木村清孝]

中国

中国におけるものとしては、いわゆる「三武一宗(さんぶいっそう)の法難」が代表的である。すなわち、北魏(ほくぎ)の武帝による446年(太平真君7)の廃仏、北周(ほくしゅう)の武帝による574年(建徳3)以降の廃仏、唐の武宗による842年(会昌2)から845年に及ぶ廃仏、そして後周の世宗による955年(顕徳2)の廃仏である。彼らは、おおむね、僧尼の増加による国家財政の圧迫、教団の腐敗、仏教思想の迷信性などを理由としてかなり徹底した仏教否定運動を展開し、寺院や仏像を大量に破壊し、多数の僧尼を還俗(げんぞく)させた。

[木村清孝]

朝鮮

朝鮮仏教が受けたもっとも大きな法難は、李朝(りちょう)時代のそれである。とくに第3代の太宗(1401~18在位)が神仏の功験はないという儒教的合理主義の立場から、寺額の減少、僧尼の還俗、寺有地の国有化などを推進したことは、李朝の廃仏政策、つまり、仏教側にとっての法難の基調をなすものとして注目される。

[木村清孝]

日本

日本において仏教界全体が受けた法難としては、第一に、戦国時代の織田信長による1571年(元亀2)の叡山(えいざん)焼打ちに始まる一連の仏教弾圧、第二に、明治維新政府の宗教政策として実行された1868年(慶応4)の神仏分離に伴う各地の廃仏運動をあげることができよう。しかしこのほか、特定の宗派における法難は二、三にとどまらない。旧仏教側からの圧力に基づく鎌倉時代の浄土教団の弾圧(承元(しょうげん)・嘉禄(かろく)の法難)、日蓮(にちれん)個人が受けた四大法難、江戸時代の不受不施(ふじゅふせ)派の弾圧(寛文(かんぶん)・天保(てんぽう)の法難)などがそのおもなものである。

[木村清孝]

[参照項目] | 三武一宗の法難 | 神仏分離 | 廃仏棄釈

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Heat sink - with burner

>>:  Antifogging coated glass

Recommend

Political debate - Seiron

〘 noun 〙 Opinion or discussion on politics. ※ West...

Basic morphology

…In biology, this concept is used to organize and...

Anathema

…The Jewish philosopher Spinoza was one of those ...

Armido - Armido

Former name of Diyarbakir, a city in southeastern ...

Champagne humide (English spelling) Champagnehumide

The capital is Troyes. The region is made up of t...

Warsaw Treaty Organization

A security organization formed by the Soviet Unio...

Fanning Island

An atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, north of th...

Ramaria

…An edible mushroom of the Basidiomycete family, ...

Incense - Shoko

The smoke from the incense is meant to purify and ...

Enso light - Ensouko

… The head lights seen on Japanese statues of Bud...

Ant-Bokeh - Ant-Bokeh

…The man who competed with Kublai Khan for the po...

Izumi

…In some regions, instead of the entire Shichigos...

Kamigata Dance

This is a unique type of Japanese dance that orig...

Takasakiyama

A 628m-high bell-shaped volcano located on the no...

Kern, F.

…During this period, there was no conceptual dist...