Hoto - Houtou

A political group in which those with the same principles and interests unite and exclude others. In old China, each and every bureaucrat was expected to be subordinate to the emperor, and when bureaucrats joined together to form factions, they were punished for being party sects. When party strife was intense in the imperial court, people would sometimes accuse each other of being party sects and frame others for crimes. During the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song dynasty (reigned 1022-63), the trend for party strife gradually grew stronger and arguments about party sects became more heated, so Ouyang Xiu wrote Treatise on Party Strife, arguing that parties of petty men do not last, and only the union of gentlemen can last. The Qing Dynasty's Emperor Yongzheng (reigned 1722-35) composed the Imperial Treatise on Party Formation, in which he argued that bureaucrats should not form parties for any reason, and that all parties were the work of petty people, thereby rejecting Ouyang Xiu's arguments.

[Miyazaki City]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

主義・利害を同じくするものが一つに結び合って他のものを排斥する政治団体をいう。旧中国において官僚はひとりひとりが天子に隷属すべきものとされ、官僚が横に結合して党派をつくるときは朋党として処罰された。朝廷で党争の激しいとき、互いに相手を朋党と称して罪に陥れることがあった。宋(そう)の仁宗(じんそう)（在位1022～63）のとき、党争の風潮がしだいに強くなり、党派に対する議論が激しくなったおり、欧陽修(おうようしゅう)は『朋党論』を著し、小人の党は永続せず、君子の結合だけが永続できると論じた。清(しん)の雍正(ようせい)帝（在位1722～35）は『御製朋党論』をつくり、官僚はいかなる理由があっても党派をたてるべきではなく、党派はすべて小人の所業だと論じ欧陽修の議論を排撃した。

［宮崎市定］

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